“…The user rate constraint is expressed in equation (23f) , and represents the user's minimum rate requirement. The analog beam selection constraints, expressed in equations (23g) , (23h) [ 76 , 77 ], state that each user may select only one analog beam, that an analog beam may correspond to any number of users, and that users who select the same analog beam are grouped together into a single NOMA user cluster [ [78] , [79] , [80] ]. The analog beam selection variable is discrete in the optimization problem (23a) , (23b) , (23c) , (23d) , (23e) , (23f) , (23g) , (23h) , the SIC decoding sequence variable is a combination variable, and the power allocation and IRS phase shift variables are continuous.…”