Beach-La-Mar to Bislama: The Emergence of a National Language in Vanuatu

Jourdan, Christine; Crowley, Terry

doi:10.2307/415978

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…As Tryon (1996) notes, "the languages of Vanuatu are tiny languages in terms of numbers of speakers and geographical range, yet they constitute almost 10 per cent of all Austronesian languages" (p. 170). While Papua New Guinea has an astounding 750 languages which belong to nearly sixty different family groupings, Crowley (1990) notes that, "the average language in that country is around four times the size of the average language in Vanuatu" (p. 5) making Vanuatu known for the highest ratio of languages to population in the world.…”

Section: Language Diversity and Divergence Within Vanuatumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He acknowledges that bilingualism would have been commonplace, however, due to incoming brides. Similarly, Crowley (1990) notes that contemporary and historic bride trading between neighbouring villages results in "a pattern of active bilingualism" between the villages (p. 48). He suggests that along with dialect chains and trade negotiations as explanations for retaining some similarities and embracing some language innovation for in-groups, there is also a possibility that this sustained, extensive bilingualism could "mean that vocabulary and structural features have diffused over language boundaries" (p. 48).…”

Section: Dialectal Chains and Sustained Bilingualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some have argued that the period which followed in the 1860s to the 1890s cannot be classically called slavery in the same manner as the Atlantic slave trade due to the fact that some labourers willingly agreed to the terms of their indenture and that many of the labourers were eventually repatriated. Conversely, it has also been acknowledged that the conditions and sometimes even the recruitment were much more similar to slavery than true labour agreements or even indentured labour (Crowley, 1990;Shineberg, 1999). Shineberg (1999) notes that there was more regulation already in place which thwarted an exact parallel to the minimally, enslavement of Africans had served to "normalise" bondage generally" (Horne, 2007, p. 20).…”

Section: Sandalwood Trade Blackbirding and The Labour Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cotton and sugar plantations were beginning to be established in Australia to replace the supply from the American South, which was disrupted by the US Civil War (1861-1865). Along with these, cattle and copra plantations were being established around the Pacific Islands (Crowley, 1990). Therefore, the New Hebrides (as Vanuatu was then known) became a location of labour recruitment.…”

Section: Sandalwood Trade Blackbirding and The Labour Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…intelligible, yet they have established different orthographic representations and have some variation in vocabulary (Crowley, 1990). Crowley (1990) claims that of these varieties, only Bislama has developed in situ through trade networks within Vanuatu and through labourers returning from overseas plantations in Queensland, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii and Samoa.…”

Section: Formation Of Bislamamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Sociolinguistic Study of Language Documentation: Denggan (Banam Bay, Malekula, Vanuatu)

Hoback

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In the country of Vanuatu, there are estimated to be as many as 138 different languages. Of those, there are still many languages which remain undocumented. Yet, with the move to integrate the vernacular local languages into the education system, speakers of these languages are developing orthography systems as a way of maintaining the vitality of their language in oral and written forms. Often the goals of language documentation and orthography development create a partnership between outside linguists and native speakers of the language. These joint projects are consistent with the current aims of linguists working in the field of language documentation and Indigenous academic researchers, who are calling for more collaborative research projects. Such scholars suggest that research on indigenous languages need to be undertaken ‘with’ communities, rather than ‘on’ or ‘for’ communities. However, this partnership brings questions, such as, what does collaboration look like and how do the community desires get prioritised amongst the various requirements of academic research. Furthermore, what does it mean to research ‘with’ when there may be differences in the epistemological foundations underlying the design of a project.This thesis is a result of a community orthography and language documentation project in Southeast Malekula, Vanuatu. It focuses on the language, Denggan, formerly known as Banam Bay Language or Burmbar (ISO code vrt-639-3) spoken by around 900-1000 speakers. Within this project two initial orthography workshops were conducted with community members to facilitate the transition of Denggan from a completely oral tradition into a new domain of written literacy. A separate grammatical analysis was undertaken to further the language documentation record and to assist in the creation of future pedagogical language resources. The presentation of this thesis is interdisciplinary and hybrid in its structure. It consists of a discussion on collaborative research design and Pacific Indigenous epistemologies, an exploration of the sociolinguistic background of Denggan as an endangered, yet vital language, a grammar sketch of Denggan phonetics and syntax, and a reflection on collaborative projects and the responsibilities of a researcher in working with Indigenous communities within such a project. The hybrid structure of this thesis allows for a contextualised approach of situating the project’s orthography workshop discussions and the linguistic grammatical analysis of Denggan within its historical and sociolinguistic contexts. This hybrid structure also allows for reflection on Pacific Melanesian and Western academic epistemic assumptions in approaching the design of a collaborative research project. This thesis provides an example of a unique language documentation project arising out of a community’s vision and coming to fruition through community involvement. It provides the theoretical basis for creating collaborative language documentation projects grounded in Pacific Indigenous epistemologies and reflects on important questions in navigating the differences between these epistemologies and Western academic assumptions regarding research. Lastly, the thesis contributes to the documentation record of Denggan through a grammar sketch with valuable data from recorded stories and conversations.

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Section: Language Diversity and Divergence Within Vanuatumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dialectal Chains and Sustained Bilingualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sandalwood Trade Blackbirding and The Labour Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sandalwood Trade Blackbirding and The Labour Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Formation Of Bislamamentioning

confidence: 99%

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