Beak and feather disease virus carriage by <i>Knemidocoptes pilae</i> in a sulphur‐crested cockatoo (<scp><i>Cacatua galerita</i></scp>)

Portas, T.J.; Jackson, Bethany; Das, Shubhagata; Shamsi, Shokoofeh; Raidal, Shane R.

doi:10.1111/avj.12649

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Eastwood et al (2019) found the same when analysing BFDV infection in P. elegans parents and their offspring in the nest, and consequently they suggested that infection of nestlings with BFDV-negative parents may have occurred through contaminated nesting material. Alternatively, the BFDV-positive birds in our study may have been infected through ectoparasitic vectors instead of through the nesting material itself, as BFDV has been found in mites on cockatoos (Portas et al, 2017). Exposure to high doses of BFDV is thought to be required to establish infection (Raidal & Peters, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…BFDV is thought to be transmitted directly between individuals through faeces, contaminated feather dust and crop secretions (Ritchie et al, 1991), as well as from mothers to embryonated eggs (Rahaus et al, 2008). It was found in mites infesting a BFDV-positive cockatoo, suggesting that it may be transmitted through ectoparasitic vectors (Portas et al, 2017). BFDV is considered highly stable in the environment (Raidal & Peters, 2018;Todd, 2000) because it is resistant to heat, surviving exposure to high temperatures, for example, 80 • C for 30 min (Raidal & Cross, 1994), and many disinfectants (Jackson et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A non-invasive method to assess environmental contamination with avian pathogens: beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) detection in nest boxes

Martens

Stokes

Berg

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Indirect transmission of pathogens can pose major risks to wildlife, yet the presence and persistence of wildlife pathogens in the environment has been little studied. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is of global conservation concern: it can infect all members of the Psittaciformes, one of the most threatened bird orders, with infection often being lethal. Indirect transmission of BFDV through contaminated nest hollows has been proposed as a major infection source. However, data on whether and for how long nest sites in the wild remain contaminated have been absent. We determined the BFDV status of birds (parents and nestlings) for 82 nests of Crimson Rosellas, Platycercus elegans and Eastern Rosellas, Platycercus eximius. In 11 of these nests (13.4%, 95% confidence interval 6.9–22.7), we found an infected parent or nestling. Using nest swabs, we then compared BFDV presence at three points in time (before, during and after breeding) in three groups of nest boxes. These were nest boxes occupied by infected birds, and two control groups (nest boxes occupied by uninfected birds, and unoccupied nest boxes). Detection of BFDV on nest swabs was strongly associated with the infection status of parents in each nest box and with the timing of breeding. During breeding, boxes occupied by BFDV-positive birds were significantly more likely to have BFDV-positive nest swabs than boxes occupied by BFDV-negative birds; nest swabs tested BFDV-positive in 80% (28.4–99.5) of nests with parental antigen excretion, 66.7% (9.4–99.2) of nests occupied by parents with BFDV-positive cloacal swabs and 66.7% (22.3–95.7) of nests occupied by parents with BFDV–positive blood. 0% (0–52.2) of nests with BFDV–positive nestlings had BFDV–positive nest swabs. Across all boxes occupied by BFDV-positive birds (parents or nestlings), no nest swabs were BFDV–positive before breeding, 36.4% (95% CI 10.9–69.2) were positive during breeding and 9.1% (0.2–41.3) remained positive after breeding. BFDV was present on nest swabs for up to 3.7 months. Our study provides novel insights into the potential role of nest cavities and other fomites in indirect transmission of BFDV, and possibly other pathogens, and offers a non-invasive method for surveillance of pathogens in wild bird populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A non-invasive method to assess environmental contamination with avian pathogens: beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) detection in nest boxes

Martens

Stokes

Berg

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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“…Presumably, it occurs in raptors and other birds following predation and/or opportunistic feeding upon the tissues or excretions of BFDV-affected parrots and cockatoos. Knemidokoptes mites have recently been shown to concentrate BFDV within their faeces [11] which raises the possibility of ectoparasites such as hippoboscid flies acting as fomites and vectors of transmission particularly to insectivorous bird species such as the rainbow bee-eater. Interestingly, while interseasonal nest hollow sharing may promote the circulation of novel BFDV genotypes in psittacine populations, species such as raptors, which retain nest hollows over many seasons, may not have sufficient intraspecific transmission frequencies to permit permanent host switching.…”

Section: Structure Of Beak and Feather Disease Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease

Sarker¹,

Forwood²,

Raidal³

2020

Wiki J Sci

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The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) causes psittacine beak and feather disease, an often chronic and fatal disease in psittacine birds. The virus most commonly infects psittacine birds, but is also capable of infecting nonpsittacine bird species in Australasia. The virus induces an immunosuppressive condition with chronic symmetrical irreversible loss of feather, as well as beak and claw deformities eventually leading to death. No specific treatment is currently commercially available for infected birds; however, a combination of quarantine and hygiene control, diagnostic testing and enhancing flock adaptive immunity is recommended to provide the most effective and sustainable control. Recent structural determination of BFDV capsid protein provides insights into the different assemblies that can be formed from one of the smallest known DNA viruses.

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“…Identification of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in the gut of mites in a wild sulphur‐crested cockatoo confirms a novel transmission vector for this virus. The study raises implications for biosecurity and quarantine measures to prevent the spread of the virus into captive flocks of psittacine birds …”

Section: Avianmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study raises implications for biosecurity and quarantine measures to prevent the spread of the virus into captive flocks of psittacine birds. 8 The cockatoo was presented with advanced skin and feather lesions consistent with BFDV. Pathological investigation showed the presence of Knemidocoptes mites, as well as BFDV antigen in keratinocytes and in the gut of the mites.…”

Section: Avianmentioning

confidence: 99%

In this issue – December 2017

Jackson¹

2017

Aust Veterinary J

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Beak and feather disease virus carriage by Knemidocoptes pilae in a sulphur‐crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)

Abstract: This case highlights the potential immunosuppressive effects of BFDV infection and its potential as a keystone pathogen in the Australian environment.

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

A non-invasive method to assess environmental contamination with avian pathogens: beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) detection in nest boxes

A non-invasive method to assess environmental contamination with avian pathogens: beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) detection in nest boxes

Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease

In this issue – December 2017

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