Beam test studies of 3D pixel sensors irradiated non-uniformly for the ATLAS forward physics detector

Grinstein, S.; Baselga, M.; Boscardin, M.; Christophersen, M.; Via, C. Da; Betta, G.-F. Dalla; Darbo, G.; Fadeyev, V.; Fleta, C.; Gemme, C.; Grenier, P.; Jiménez, A. C. López; López, I.; Micelli, A.; Nelist, C.; Parker, S. I.; Pellegrini, G.; Phlips, Bernard F.; Pohl, D.; Sadrozinski, H. F-W.; Šı́cho, P.; Tsiskaridze, S.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.03.064

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The so called "3D" concept has been developed and experimented in silicon detectors [1,2], for which this solution allows also the employment of correspondingly lower depleting voltages, due to the decreased distance between the polarizing electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Pulsed laser fabrication of 3D diamond sensors

Lagomarsino¹

2015

Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Large Scale Applications and Radiation Hardness of Semiconductor Detectors — Po

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3D detectors, whose electrodes extend perpendicularly to the sensor surface, represent one of the solution proposed for the challenges of radiation-harsh environments in high energy physics [1][2][3][4]. We report on the fabrication and characterization of prototypes of 3D diamond detector, which add to the 3D architecture the advantages of diamond as a sensor for tracking purposes. Two different laser sources, a Nd:YAG 1064 Q-switched laser with 8 ns pulse-width and a Ti:sapphire laser source with 30 fs pulse duration have been used to fabricate arrays of graphitic columns in the bulk of a polycrystalline and a single crystal diamond sample. The columns are staggered and connected to graphitic combs which have been fabricated as well by laser irradiation and used as electric contacts. On each sample, an identical pattern of graphitic combs without columns (2D structure) has also been fabricated as a reference. The charge collection efficiency of each 3D sensor has been measured at different voltages and compared with the corresponding 2D structures. The much lower saturation voltages of the 3D sensors compared to those of the planar ones confirm that charge collection takes place at the columnar electrodes. Moreover, an efficiency of 100% is assured by the sensors fabricated with the fslaser source, while a loss in efficiency up to 30% is observed with the sensors fabricated with the ns-laser. The expected behaviour of 3D diamond sensors after strong radiation damage is discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsed laser fabrication of 3D diamond sensors

Lagomarsino¹

2015

Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Large Scale Applications and Radiation Hardness of Semiconductor Detectors — Po

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“…In view of the application of 3D pixel modules in AFP, it was verified in dedicated studies that slim edges with a remaining insensitive width of only 15-200 µm can be produced without affecting the current, noise and edge efficiency and that the modules can withstand a highly non-uniform irradiation up to fluences expected after running for 100 fb −1 at standard LHC luminosity [11,12].…”

Section: Afp Design and Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Beam tests of an integrated prototype of the ATLAS Forward Proton detector

et al. 2016

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The ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) detector is intended to measure protons scattered at small angles from the ATLAS interaction point. To this end, a combination of 3D Silicon pixel tracking modules and Quartz-Cherenkov time-of-flight (ToF) detectors is installed 210 m away from the interaction point at both sides of ATLAS. Beam tests with an AFP prototype detector combining tracking and timing sub-detectors and a common readout have been performed at the CERN-SPS test-beam facility in November 2014 and September 2015 to complete the system integration and to study the detector performance. The successful tracking-timing integration was demonstrated. Good tracker hit efficiencies above 99.9% at a sensor tilt of 14 • , as foreseen for AFP, were observed. Spatial resolutions in the short pixel direction with 50 µm pitch of 5.5 ± 0.5 µm per pixel plane and of 2.8 ± 0.5 µm for the full four-plane tracker at 14 • were found, largely surpassing the AFP requirement of 10 µm. The timing detector showed also good hit efficiencies above 99%, and a full-system time resolution of 35 ± 6 ps was found for the ToF prototype detector with two Quartz bars in-line (half the final AFP size) without dedicated optimisation, fulfilling the requirements for initial low-luminosity AFP runs.

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“…Irradiation campaigns have been performed at two different facilities with different degrees of non-uniformities: 1. A focussed 23 GeV p beam at CERN-PS is used to give a maximum equivalent fluence of 4×10 15 n eq /cm 2 (see [8]). The fluence spread is relatively large (a region of more than 1 cm diameter received a fluence of more than 10 15 n eq /cm 2 and even peripheral pixels acquired a fluence of 10 13 -10 14 n eq /cm 2 , see figure 4, top left).…”

Section: Non-uniform Irradiation Of Afp Pixel Modulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D silicon pixel detectors for the ATLAS Forward Physics experiment

et al. 2015

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The ATLAS Forward Physics (AFP) project plans to install 3D silicon pixel detectors about 210 m away from the interaction point and very close to the beamline (2-3 mm). This implies the need of slim edges of about 100-200 µm width for the sensor side facing the beam to minimise the dead area. Another challenge is an expected non-uniform irradiation of the pixel sensors. It is studied if these requirements can be met using slightly-modified FE-I4 3D pixel sensors from the ATLAS Insertable B-Layer production. AFP-compatible slim edges are obtained with a simple diamond-saw cut. Electrical characterisations and beam tests are carried out and no detrimental impact on the leakage current and hit efficiency is observed. For devices without a 3D guard ring a remaining insensitive edge of less than 15 µm width is found. Moreover, 3D detectors are nonuniformly irradiated up to fluences of several 10 15 n eq /cm 2 with either a focussed 23 GeV proton beam or a 23 MeV proton beam through holes in Al masks. The efficiency in the irradiated region is found to be similar to the one in the non-irradiated region and exceeds 97% in case of favourable chip-parameter settings. Only in a narrow transition area at the edge of the hole in the Al mask, a significantly lower efficiency is seen. A follow-up study of this effect using arrays of small pad diodes for position-resolved dosimetry via the leakage current is carried out.

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Beam test studies of 3D pixel sensors irradiated non-uniformly for the ATLAS forward physics detector

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Pulsed laser fabrication of 3D diamond sensors

Pulsed laser fabrication of 3D diamond sensors

Beam tests of an integrated prototype of the ATLAS Forward Proton detector

3D silicon pixel detectors for the ATLAS Forward Physics experiment

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