Bearing performance as a function of structure and heat treatment

Blass, Toni; Dinkel, Markus; Trojahn, W.

doi:10.1080/02670836.2015.1120999

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Table A1. Summary of the FE8 parameters of 30 studies [5][6][7][8][9][17][18][19]24,25,[27][28][29][30]32,34,[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]: (1) 31 load settings (1 study with 4 settings); (2) 33 speed settings (2 studies with 2 settings), 2 studies conducted a running-in phase, the final value (750 rpm) was used for the calculation; (3) 32 Temperature settings (4 studies with 2 settings); (4) 18 settings (3 studies with 2 settings), artificial surface smoothening/roughening in some studies led to a big variance; (5) 2 studies expressed the viscosity as SAE 80, and the mean viscosity of this SAE-class (9.8 mm 2 /s) was set in these cases; (6) 17 settings (3 studies with 2 settings). The authors extended a summary initially presented by [58] to include additional parameters such as location of WEC analysis and cage material.…”

Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

Wranik,

Holweger,

Wang

2024

Lubricants

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White Etching Cracks (WEC) have become a subject of extensive research in material science, chemistry and lubrication, and even operational mathematics by AI learning. Initially reported in the 1960s and considered an exotic anomaly, the failures gained importance with the global rise of wind energy power and the automotive industry. Unexpectedly high failure rates in various bearing applications have led to the need for a deeper understanding and prevention of WEC. It has come a long way from materials inspection, to parametrically studying WECs on test rigs, to the understanding that WEC is a stand-alone phenomenon and sparingly related to common failures in bearing technology. It has been commonly accepted that WEC drivers have multiple dimensions, e.g., material, contact mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. The impact of these factors on WEC failures is frequently studied using test rigs at the component level, such as the FE8 test rig. The FE8 has been utilized in numerous investigations due to its ability to replicate WEC failures without requiring artificial electricity or hydrogen charging by using specific lubricant chemistry and operating conditions. However, through intensive testing, it was observed in this study that a standard material in an FE8 rig component demonstrated a profound influence on WEC formation. This paper presents the details of the testing and analysis, aiming to investigate the mechanisms of interactions between the hose material and the low reference lubricant. The results demonstrate that the chemistry of the component material plays an important role in WEC formation. This finding may have significant impact in WEC studies, especially when the FE8 rig is used.

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Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

Wranik,

Holweger,

Wang

2024

Lubricants

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“…It is generally believed that their occurrence is closely related to the early failure of bearings [24,40,[47][48][49], which shortens the actual life of bearings to 1−20% of the L 10 life [18]. Some scholars believe that WECs itself is a failure form [35,[50][51][52], which implies the occurrence of early fatigue [53]. The WECs network tends to exhibit vertical propagation cracks when observed in the circumferential cross section, while it tends to be parallel in the axial cross section, accompanied by a small number of vertical branches [24,54].…”

Section: Wecsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two opinions about the order of the crack and WEA are both supported by some scholars. Diederich [64], Holweger [52], Blass [51] believed that WEA is formed at first, and WECs are the cause of early bearing fatigue. Some scholars [60,[65][66][67] believed that cracks are formed first, and the formation of WECs has nothing to do with the early fatigue of the bearing.…”

Section: Wecsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The state-of-art of microstructural evolution of bearing materials under Rolling Contact Fatigue

Xiulin

Zhang

2020

Materials Science and Technology

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The microstructure evolves during the service of bearings, and feature microstructures appear after a certain period of time. The microstructural evolution has a great impact on the service life of bearings, resulting in a significant deviation from the calculated life. This paper summarised the research progress of the microstructural evolution. Four feature microstructures including Butterfly, White Etching Cracks, Dark Etching Region, and White Etching Bands were reviewed about the phase composition, mechanical properties, and mechanisms. Several proposed mechanisms were analysed and discussed on the rationality and insufficiency, and the latest theories have been emphasised. Previous microstructural alterations were also included. At last, the relationship between feature microstructures and fatigue failure was analysed through previous studies.

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“…Several studies have been launched, on one hand to understand and alleviate WEC formation and on the other hand to improve the reliability of wind turbine bearings. These include several different aspects such as heat and surface treatment solutions [9][10][11], black oxide coatings [12][13][14] and the influence of the oil and its additives on WEC formation [15][16][17]. In order to evaluate the influence of this variety of parameters on WEC formation, large testing campaigns should be performed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FE8 type laboratory testing of white etching crack (WEC) bearing failure mode in 100Cr6

Danielsen

Guzmán

Muskulus

et al. 2019

Wear

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WEC is an aggressive and unpredictable failure mode affecting bearings in particular in the wind energy sector. This paper focuses on the most common used method for WEC laboratory accelerated testing, the FE8 type test rigs using martensitic through hardened 100Cr6 cylindrical roller thrust bearings, analyzing the load conditions, test results and damage quantification. The surface and subsurface stress conditions as well as the surface frictional loading were analyzed using a half-space model. Simulations and experiments were conducted under different load conditions, including tests with different number of rollers and tests using dynamic load and speed. Tests under constant loads show a low load influence and prove that a WEC failure can occur both prematurely and after exceeding the rated lifetime. Dynamic conditions did not accelerate WEC failure, and only rollers (not washers) were affected by WEC under dynamic loading conditions. Damage characterization was performed using optical microscopy and ultrasound scanning. Advanced image analysis based on characterization of defect regions in the ultrasound scans was used for quantifying the subsurface damage. Tests showed WEC failure could be achieved consistently, however there were seemingly large random variations in the observed damage.

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Bearing performance as a function of structure and heat treatment

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

The Influence of Peripheral Components in Test Rig Creation of White Etching Cracks

The state-of-art of microstructural evolution of bearing materials under Rolling Contact Fatigue

FE8 type laboratory testing of white etching crack (WEC) bearing failure mode in 100Cr6

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