Because not all blows to the head are the same

Falvey, Éanna; McCrory, Paul

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095170

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Boxing is another sport known to have sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI), because of repeated blows directly to the head [ 87 , 88 ] which can produce the same force as being hit with a 6-kg wooden mallet at a striking speed of 20 mph [ 89 ]. These continuous blows to the head produce changes in the cerebellar region which can predispose an individual to an acute bleed followed by scarring, atrophy, fine fibrous gliosis, and demyelination with Purkinje and granule cell loss [ 90 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stroke and Athletes: A Scoping Review

Doyle‐Baker

Mitchell

Hayden

2021

IJERPH

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Stroke (i.e., cerebrovascular accident) affects one in 10,000 people between the ages of 14 and 45; however, very little is known about the frequency and type of stroke that occurs in athletes. The risk of injury to the neurovascular structures may depend on the type of sport involvement, although, sport-specific incidence rates are not known. Therefore, the goal of our scoping review was to provide some guidance to better inform the development of a context-fit stroke model by summarizing studies on a broad research topic related to stroke or cerebrovascular accident in sport based on a strict athlete definition. We used the guidance of Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage-process for a scoping review. Databases included MEDLINE(R) Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non- Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R), and Embase (OVID databases); CINAHL Plus with Full Text, SportDiscus with Full Text (Ebsco databases); and Scopus. Publication dates were from 1979–2020 across nine different countries resulting in 39 individual cases of stroke with an athlete age range of 14–56 years (95% male). The major inciting event(s) prior to stroke onset were headaches (38.4%), head trauma (30.7%), and neck injury and/or vertebral artery dissection (20.5%). Several sporting activities were represented with American football as the most prevalent (30.7%). In summary, we found that sports with an aspect of impact, collision, or microtrauma can lead to subsequent stroke. These sport-related traumatic events were often difficult to diagnose because of the longer interval before ischemia occurred. Therefore, health care providers should be particularly attuned to the possibility of stroke when evaluating athletes presenting with or without neurological deficit.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stroke and Athletes: A Scoping Review

Doyle‐Baker

Mitchell

Hayden

2021

IJERPH

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“…Differing definitions of concussion, measurement methods [ 32 ] and variable symptom presentation [ 33 ] may also mean concussion rates are often underestimated. Since concussion does not require a knockout to occur [ 34 ], there may be a vast subset of undocumented brain injury, such as when concussive injury is not detected during the match [ 35 , 36 ], traumatic brain injury [ 37 ] and chronic traumatic encephalopathy [ 38 ]. A systematic review of chronic traumatic brain injury risk in amateur boxing found most studies to be poor in quality [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, without headgear, there can be a greater risk of brain injury from head clashes. This danger is outlined in a case report of acute subdural haematoma following competition [ 36 ]. This risk combined with the move to a professional model of scoring may lead to changes in ring strategy [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prohibiting Headgear for Safety in Amateur Boxing? Opinion of the Canadian Boxing Community: an Online Poll

Dickinson¹,

Rempel²

2016

Sports Med - Open

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BackgroundIn 2013, the Amateur International Boxing Association (AIBA) introduced a rule banning headgear for male-senior open class boxers during competition. The AIBA has defended the rule change as motivated by safety and supported by internal unpublished studies. As a result, in 2018, the AIBA plans to universally prohibit headgear in competition: for all competitors (male and female), all ages and all levels. Within Canada, this ruling has generated controversy in the boxing community, yet there has been no overall measure of opinion.MethodsTo address this, we instituted a voluntary, anonymous, online open-access poll to allow members of the boxing community to express their stance on headgear use in competition.ResultsIn total, 636 responses were received. A total of 71.5 % of Canadian respondents believed headgear should be mandatory at all levels. Only 5.8 % agreed that headgear should be prohibited, as planned for 2018. Estimating results on a representative breakdown of boxing membership in Canada, a similar pattern emerged, whereby 68.2 % concurred with mandatory headgear while only 4.95 % supported its prohibition. Parents of boxers were almost unanimously against banning headgear, stating they would change sports as a result. Similarly, only 1.7 % of women believed headgear should be prohibited.ConclusionsThe consensus of the Canadian boxing community largely opposes the rule changes that the AIBA has implemented. The results highlight risks posed to the long-term viability of the sport, if significant grassroots safety concerns are disregarded.

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“…The sport of boxing carries with it the risk of brain injury [1]. Cerebral microhemorrhages [2], brain stem hematoma [3], subdural hematoma [4] with boxing have been previously reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Case of Bilateral Cerebellar Hemorrhage in a Male Boxer

Kariyanna¹,

Charles²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2019

AJMCR

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The sport of boxing carries with it the risk of brain injury with acute and chronic neurological injuries such has contusion, concussion and intracranial bleeding has been reported. The force sustained from a boxing blow can be as powerful as being hit with a 6-kg wooden mallet striking at 20 mph. Bilateral cerebellar hemorrhage secondary to trauma is a rare entity that has not been reported in the literature previously. One can only speculate as to how a boxer could potentially develop a cerebellar bleed. Regardless of whether a very powerful punch or the act of falling back and hitting the occipital region directly on the floor, it is very likely that a predisposing factor exist. We present you a rare case of a 26 year-old male boxer who was knocked out in a boxing match and was noted to have acute parenchymal and subarachnoid hemorrhage bilaterally in the cerebellar hemispheres. Our report highlights the need to consider cerebellar bleed in boxers who present after ataxia after boxing/knocked out.

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Because not all blows to the head are the same

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Stroke and Athletes: A Scoping Review

Stroke and Athletes: A Scoping Review

Prohibiting Headgear for Safety in Amateur Boxing? Opinion of the Canadian Boxing Community: an Online Poll

Rare Case of Bilateral Cerebellar Hemorrhage in a Male Boxer

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