“…More recent work has focused on the social and environmental factors that influence the initiation of new injectors, including the influence of family members, peers and sexual partners (Neaigus, Gyarmathy, Miller, Frajzyngier, Friedman, et al, 2006; Abelson, Treloar, Crawford, Kippax, van Beek, et al, 2006; Harocopos, Goldsamt, Kobrak, Jost, & Clatts, 2009; Goldsamt, Harocopos, Kobrak, Jost, & Clatts, 2010). One of the major findings to emerge from this work is the importance of gender differences and roles in drug injection initiation that reflect the dynamics of intimate relationships and that place women, in particular, at increased risk for viral transmission (Ouellet, Rahimian & Wiebel, 1998; Rhodes & Quirk, 1998; Abelson, et al, 2006; Diaz, Vlahov, Edwards, Conover, & Monterroso, 2002; Barnard, 1993; MacRae & Aalto, 2000; Sherman, Smith, Laney, & Strathdee, 2002; Bryant & Treloar, 2007; Martin, 2010). …”