“…As during the SARS outbreak, the nurses in this study reported that their interpersonal contact was also greatly diminished by the need to wear PPE, especially masks and face shields, which greatly reduced their ability to hear and be heard by conscious patients, and to pick up on and relay nonverbal expressions and cues, and that PPE even interfered with these healthcare workers recognizing one another ( Maunder, 2004 , p. 1122). Related to this, touch is an unquestionable form of nonverbal interaction known to establish a sense of comfort and trust in healthcare relationships Jhawar et al (2022) , p.492. Wearing gloves thus had a significant impact on nurse–patient bonding, especially in the context of “double gloving” to prevent infection.…”