Beer: a dietary source of silicon

Bellia, J.P.; Birchall, J. D.; Roberts, Norman B.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91019-7

Cited by 69 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The absorption of silicon from beer was 55 %, which was comparable with that of a solution of orthosilicic acid, suggesting that silicon in beer is present mainly as orthosilicic acid and is readily bioavailable. This study is consistent with the finding by Bellia et al (1994) who reported that 42-72 % of silicon in beer is excreted in urine.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…In Finland, a mean intake of 29 mg silicon/day was reported (Varo et al, 1980). The intake from the British diet has been estimated to be 20-50 mg silicon/day (Bellia et al, 1994;Bowen et al, 1984, Pennington, 1991, corresponding to 0.3-0.8 mg/silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person. These data are in the same range as mean estimated silicon intakes in the USA (30 and 33 mg silicon/day in men, and 24 and 25 mg silicon/day in women in two cohorts, respectively) (Jugdaohsingh et al, 2002).…”

Section: Siliconmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

2009

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYFollowing a request from the Commission to the European Food Safety Authority, the Scientific Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA) added for nutritional purposes as a source of silicon in food supplements and on the bioavailability of silicon from this source.Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid is a mixture of orthosilicic acid and choline chloride.The present opinion deals only with the safety of ch-OSA as source of silicon and with the bioavailability of silicon from this source. The safety of silicon itself, in term of amounts that may be consumed and the consideration of silicon as a nutrient are outside the remit of this Panel.1 For citation purposes: Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food on choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements following a request from the European Commission. The EFSA Journal (2009) 948, 1-23. 2 Editorial changes only -on page 2 the words 'as well as mice' were included. The changes do not affect the overall conclusion of the opinion. To avoid confusion, the original version has been removed from the website. Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acidThe EFSA Journal (2009) 948, 2-23Silicon occurs naturally in foods as silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and silicates. High levels of silicon are found in foods derived from plants, particularly cereals. Silicon levels are lower in foods from animal sources.Orthosilicic acid [Si(OH) 4 ] is the major silicon species present in drinking water and other liquids, including beer, and is the most readily available source of silicon to man.The essentiality of silicon for man has not been established and a functional role for silicon in man has not yet been identified.The bioavailability of silicon under the form of orthosilicic acid has been proven for cholinestabilised orthosilicic acid.Acute oral toxicity studies in male and female rats as well as mice have been performed. The calculated mean LD 50 value for ch-OSA exceeds (for both animal species) 5000 mg/kg bw.Concerning the acute oral toxicology of choline, an LD 50 value of 6640 mg/kg bw as choline chloride was found.Subchronic toxicity studies on ch-OSA were conducted both in animals (rodents and mammals) and humans (supplementation studies). No adverse effects were observed.The proposed dosage of ch-OSA in food supplements is 5 to 10 mg silicon/day (equivalent to 0.083-0.17 mg silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person). The equivalent intake of choline amounts to 101-203 mg choline/day for the ch-OSA liquid, and to 117-234 mg choline/day for the ch-OSA pellets. This results in an intake of 135-272 mg choline chloride/day for ch-OSA liquid and of 157-314 mg choline chloride/day for ch-OSA pellets.The European Food Safety Authority estimated the typical dietary intake of silicon to be 20-50 mg/day, corresponding to 0.3-0.8 mg silicon/kg bw/day for a 60 kg person, and concluded that the...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Siliconmentioning

confidence: 99%

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

2009

EFSA Journal

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“…Si bioavailability is generally high from fluids, including beer; ‡ 55% is absorbed, much of which is then rapidly excreted by the kidneys (Bellia et al 1994;Sripanyakorn et al 2004). Coupled with basic chemical speciation data, this finding suggests that Si is present in beer as the soluble and readily-absorbable form Si(OH) 4 (Sripanyakorn et al 2004).…”

Section: Alcoholic Beverages As Dietary Silicon Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 90%

Moderate alcohol consumption and increased bone mineral density: potential ethanol and non-ethanol mechanisms

et al. 2006

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Mounting epidemiological evidence indicates an association between the moderate ingestion of alcoholic beverages and higher bone mineral density (v. abstainers). More limited findings provide some evidence for translation of this association into reduced fracture risk, but further studies are required. Here, these data are reviewed and caveats in their assimilation, comparison and interpretation as well as in the use and application of bone health indices are discussed. Whilst it is concluded that evidence is now strong for the moderate alcohol-bone health association, at least in relation to bone mineral density, mechanisms are less clear. Both ethanol and non-ethanol components have been implicated as factors that positively affect bone health in the light of moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages, and four particular areas are discussed. First, recent findings suggest that moderate ethanol consumption acutely inhibits bone resorption, in a non-parathyroid hormone-and non-calcitonin-dependent fashion, which can only partly be attributed to an energy effect. Second, critical review of the literature does not support a role for moderate ethanol consumption affecting oestrogen status and leading to a knock-on effect on bone. Third, Si is present at high levels in certain alcoholic beverages, especially beer, and may have a measurable role in promoting bone formation. Fourth, a large body of work indicates that phytochemicals (e.g. polyphenols) from alcoholic beverages could influence bone health, but human data are lacking. With further work it is hoped to be able to model epidemiological observations and provide a clear pathway between the magnitude of association and the relative contribution of these mechanisms for the major classes of alcoholic beverage.

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“…In the operation, a cortical fenestration was made for biopsy of the tumor. The type of tumor was classified by histopathological examination as follows: aneurysmal bone cyst (3), enchondroma (8), nonossifying fibroma (5), cysta simplex (7), cysta epidermalis (1), and desmoplastic fibroma (1). The cystic lesion was evacuated by curettage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term evaluation of blood silicon and ostecalcin in operatively treated patients with benign bone tumors using bioactive glass and autogenous bone

2008

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In a study on 25 patients with verified benign bone tumors, bioactive glass (BG) and autogenous bone (AB) were used as bone-graft substitutes. The patients were randomized into two groups according to the filling material. Blood samples were taken both preoperatively, at 2 weeks, and 3, 8, 12, 24, and 36 months postoperatively, for evaluation of silicon concentration in blood. In the determination, direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy was used. No significant difference in blood silicon concentration between the BG group or the AB group could statistically be observed (p = 0.5400), and neither did the size of the bone tumor (p = 0.4259) nor the follow-up time affect the results (p = 0.2094). Concentration of osteocalcin in blood was significantly higher for large cysts (p < 0.0001). The filler material (BG or AB) did not affect the osteocalcin concentration level in blood.

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Beer: a dietary source of silicon

Cited by 69 publications

References 3 publications

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

Choline-stabilised orthosilicic acid added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

Moderate alcohol consumption and increased bone mineral density: potential ethanol and non-ethanol mechanisms

Long‐term evaluation of blood silicon and ostecalcin in operatively treated patients with benign bone tumors using bioactive glass and autogenous bone

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