Behavior and Strength of Laminated Glass

Norville, H. Scott; King, Kim W.; Swofford, Jason L.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1998)124:1(46)

Cited by 123 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Of course, the degree of coupling of the glass layers depends upon the shear stiffness of the interlayer ( [2]). Thus, the flexural performance is somehow intermediate between the two borderline cases ( [3], [4]) of i) monolithic limit, with perfect bonding between glass plies (shear-rigid interlayers) and ii) layered limit, with frictionless sliding glass plies. Since stress and strain are much lower in the monolithic than in the layered limit, to avoid redundant design a large number of studies, also in recent years, have considered this subject ( [5,6,7]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Effective Thickness of multi-layered laminated glass

Galuppi

Royer-Carfagni

2014

Composites Part B: Engineering

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The stiffness and strength of laminated glass, a composite of glass layers bonded together by polymeric interlayers, depend upon shear coupling between the glass plies through the polymer. In the design practice, this effect is commonly considered by defining the effective thickness, i.e., the thickness of a monolith with equivalent bending properties. Traditional formulations have been proposed for a package of two layers of glass and one polymeric interlayer, but their extrapolation to a higher number of layers gives in general inaccurate results. Here, the recently-proposed Enhanced Effective Thickness method is extended to the case of laminated glass beams composed i ) by three layers of glass of arbitrary thickness, or ii ) by an arbitrary number of equally-thick glass layers. Comparison with numerical experiments confirms the accuracy of the proposed approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Effective Thickness of multi-layered laminated glass

Galuppi

Royer-Carfagni

2014

Composites Part B: Engineering

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“…Based on the probabilistic failure prediction model for glass plates developed by Beason and Morgan [4] and the work of Vallabhan [5], ASTM E1300-09a [6] provides a design procedure for rectangular glass lites supported on one, two, three, or four edges and subjected to 3-second wind loads. Monolithic and laminated glass lites subjected to blast and impact loads, for example, have received signifi cant attention [7][8][9][10][11][12]33] and design charts equating blast loading to 3-second duration wind loads have been developed [13], ASTM F2248-09 [14]. Research has also been conducted on the composite action of mullions [15], and the properties of gaskets [16] and silicones [17][18][19] used to connect glass lites to supporting mullions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental program and simplified nonlinear design expression for glass curtain walls with low-level blast resistance

Kennedy¹,

Weggel²,

Keanini³

2013

Int. J. CMEM

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A series of fi ve full-scale, nearly conventional, curtain wall specimens was tested in the UNC Charlotte Structures Laboratory. Specimens were subjected to quasi-static, uniform, out-of-plane loading to failure under displacement control. The tests were performed to obtain complete resistance curves, including the nonlinear behavior of the specimens up to 'ultimate failure'. Ultimate failure was defi ned as mullion fracture or signifi cant breach of the curtain wall system when viewed as the protective barrier between building occupants and the external blast load. Representative load-defl ection and loadstrain resistance curves are presented. The energy absorbed by the curtain wall system up to three different limit states -fi rst cracking of glass, fi rst yield of mullions, and fracture/breach of the system (ultimate failure) -and maximum mullion end rotations are computed from the experimental results. Ultimate energy absorption capacity -the recoverable linear strain energy plus the nonlinear energy due to formation of damage mechanisms -and maximum mullion end rotations are essential for reliable and economical design of blast resistant curtain walls. To this end, a simplifi ed methodology is presented for analytically approximating curtain wall resistance functions that can be input to an energy expression that models nonlinear structural dynamic behavior due to an 'impulsive' loading. The blast resistance of a curtain wall can then be approximated using this procedure. It is shown that a nearly conventional curtain wall, a conventional system with two modifi cations -use of laminated glass lites that are structurally glazed (wet-glazed) to a conventional framing system with structural silicone sealanthad nearly 14 times the ultimate energy absorption capacity and nearly four times the blast resistance as the fully conventional system. Keywords: Glass curtain wall; blast resistance; nonlinear SDOF design expression; static destructive tests. INTRODUCTIONEconomical design of curtain walls to resist extreme out-of-plane loads, such as blast loads, implies that the curtain wall can suffer signifi cant damage in a blast event. However, in order to be a protective barrier between building occupants and the external threat, the curtain wall system must remain largely intact to prevent it from becoming a fl ying debris hazard and limit blast overpressures intruding into the protected space. Modeling curtain wall systems after the onset of glass cracking or mullion yielding is a signifi cant challenge, requiring consideration of nonlinear material behavior and often nonlinear geometry. Further, the complex structural behavior of the curtain wall's individual components and their connections must be well understood.This present work continues a long-term study in which a calibrated, elastic, fi nite element (FE) curtain wall model was developed [1,2]. The model is capable of simulating static and dynamic responses (before cracking or yielding of system components) under general loading and considers linea...

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“…The response of laminated-glass elements varies between two borderlines [2]: 1) The layered limit corresponding to the case when the beam consists of free-sliding glass plies and 2) the monolithic limit, when the Euler-Bernoulli assumptions hold (plane sections remain plane) for the entire section of the laminated-glass element (the response of the composite beam approaches that of a homogeneous glass beam with an equal cross-section) [3][4]. As the tensile modulus of the PVB is far less in comparison with that corresponding to glass, significant transverse shear appears in the viscoelastic layer [1,8,10].…”

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confidence: 99%

Dynamic effective thickness in laminated-glass beams and plates

Aenlle

Pelayo

2014

Composites Part B: Engineering

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In recent years, several equations have been proposed to calculate deflections and stresses in laminated-glass beams and plates under static loading using the concept of effective thickness, which consists of calculating the thickness of a monolithic element with equivalent bending properties to a laminated element. Recently, an effective thickness for the dynamic behaviour of laminated-glass beams has been proposed to enable the modal parameters (natural frequencies, loss factors and mode shapes) to be determined using an equivalent monolithic model. In the present paper, the technique has been extended to the two-dimensional case of rectangular laminated-glass plates and the steps needed to estimate the modal parameters of laminated-glass elements using this methodology are presented. The dynamic effective thickness concept has been validated by experimental tests made on a laminated-glass beam and a laminated-glass plate. The results show that good accuracy is achieved in the natural frequencies and mode shapes but high scatter is encountered in the loss factors.

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Behavior and Strength of Laminated Glass

Cited by 123 publications

References 5 publications

Enhanced Effective Thickness of multi-layered laminated glass

Enhanced Effective Thickness of multi-layered laminated glass

Experimental program and simplified nonlinear design expression for glass curtain walls with low-level blast resistance

Dynamic effective thickness in laminated-glass beams and plates

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