The cyclic change
of structure, thickness, and density, with pH
switching from acidic (pH = 3) to basic (pH = 11) condition, has been
revealed for chemisorbed monolayers of the peptide Lipo-Aib-Lys-Leu-Aib-Lys-Lys-Leu-Aib-Lys-Ile-Lol,
a trichogin GA IV-analogue carrying Lys residues instead of Gly ones
at positions 2, 5, 6, and 9, while a homologous peptide not containing
Lys residues does not show any response to pH changes. Experimental
and theoretical results, obtained by means of quartz crystal microbalance
with dissipation monitoring, surface plasmon resonance, nanoplasmonic
sensing technique, Fourier transform infrared-reflection attenuated
spectroscopy and dynamic force spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics
simulations provide detailed information on the overall monolayer
structure changes with pH, including the analysis of the intra- and
interchain peptide dynamics, the structure of the peptide layer/water/solid
interface, as well as the position and role of solvation and nonsolvation
water. The observed stimuli-responsive behavior of L1 peptide monolayers
is accounted in terms of the occurrence of a pH-induced wetting/dewetting
process, due to the pH-induced switching of the hydrophilic character
of charged lysine groups to hydrophobic one of the same uncharged
groups, along the peptide chain. This behavior in turn promotes the
collective change of the aggregation state of the peptide chains.
The present results may pave the way to critically reexamine the mechanism
of stimuli-responsive systems.