Behavior of Building Occupants in Earthquakes

Durkin, Michael E.

doi:10.1193/1.1585265

Cited by 11 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, building elements and contents play a clear role in saving or endangering occupants' lives (Durkin and Murakami, 1988). The findings of the study by Durkin (1985) of the El Centro earthquake in California on 15 October 1979 are in need of replication. It is worth pointing out that Durkin showed that 36 per cent of office workers in the Imperial County Services building, which sustained considerable nonstructural damage, reported taking cover under their desks.…”

Section: Human Factorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The importance of knowledge of human behaviour during disasters has been tra ditionally recognised at a meso level, that is, at the level of the community and not of a particular individual. Only a few publications document individual responses during various disasters (Aguirre, 1995;Durkin, 1985;Durkin et al, 1987;Durkin and Murakami, 1988). Aroni and Durkin (1985), in their analysis of earthquake injuries, grouped a multitude of influencing factors into several categories, as described below.…”

Section: Social Science Dimensions Of Sarmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Muchfeared social disorganisation during disaster periods is rare (Tierney, Lindell and Perry, 2001;Dynes, 1970;Durkin, 1985;Aguirre, 2005). What happens instead is that, when possible, rescuers and even victims seek to ensure their own safety and that of other people.…”

Section: Human Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Search and rescue in collapsed structures: engineering and social science aspects

El‐Tawil

Aguirre

2010

Disasters

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This paper discusses the social science and engineering dimensions of search and rescue (SAR) in collapsed buildings. First, existing information is presented on factors that influence the behaviour of trapped victims, particularly human, physical, socioeconomic and circumstantial factors. Trapped victims are most often discussed in the context of structural collapse and injuries sustained. Most studies in this area focus on earthquakes as the type of disaster that produces the most extensive structural damage. Second, information is set out on the engineering aspects of urban search and rescue (USAR) in the United States, including the role of structural engineers in USAR operations, training and certification of structural specialists, and safety and general procedures. The use of computational simulation to link the engineering and social science aspects of USAR is discussed. This could supplement training of local SAR groups and USAR teams, allowing them to understand better the collapse process and how voids form in a rubble pile. A preliminary simulation tool developed for this purpose is described.

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Section: Human Factorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Social Science Dimensions Of Sarmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Search and rescue in collapsed structures: engineering and social science aspects

El‐Tawil

Aguirre

2010

Disasters

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“…Even international case studies offer few relevant earthquake datasets. The lack of these datasets and the reporting of earthquake injuries is attributable to the lack of standardized methods to collect data, the interpretations of injury severity, lack of epidemiological data of the patient, and the chaotic nature of post-earthquake situations (Alexander 1985;Durkin 1985;Alexander 1996;Peek-Asa et al 1998;Ramirez and Peek-Asa 2005;Auf der Heide 2006;Stallings 2002;Ardagh et al 2012). 2.…”

Section: Limitations In Model Approachmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In buildings that are more structurally resilient to lateral forces, operational and functional components (OFCs) are more likely to cause injuries (Ohashi and Ohta 1984;Durkin 1985). OFCs are classified as (1) architectural and non-structural, (2) mechanical, electrical and plumbing, or (3) general building content.…”

Section: Rationalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the CanRisk earthquake injury model

et al. 2015

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CanRisk is a tool to assess the seismic vulnerability of buildings in Canada. CanRisk models that support the individual evaluation of reinforced concrete, masonry, steel, and timber-frame buildings have been recently developed. Herein, a new model for CanRisk is presented that quantifies an individual's risk of earthquake injury, the number of injuries, and provides an injury profile of life-threatening injuries at the building scale. The model uses an evidence-based and multi-disciplinary approach to identifying risk factors that affect an individual's likelihood of being injured in an earthquake. The model implements fuzzy synthetic evaluation to quantify seismic risk, combines Hazus methodology with methodology presented herein to estimate number of injuries, and uses a decision matrix to generate the injury profiles. The model is designed to include the ability to test the benefits of mitigation strategies such as the retrofit of operational and functional components and the implementation of earthquake safety campaigns.

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Survival Interval in Earthquake Entrapments: Research Findings Reinforced During the 2010 Haiti Earthquake Response

Macintyre¹,

Barbera²,

Petinaux³

2011

Disaster med. public health prep.

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ABSTRACTEarthquakes can result in collapsed structures with the potential to entrap individuals. In some cases, people can survive entrapment for lengthy periods. The search for and rescue of entrapped people is resource intensive and competes with other postdisaster priorities. The decision to end search and rescue activities is often difficult and in some cases protracted. Medical providers participating in response may be consulted about the probability of continued survival in undiscovered trapped individuals. Historically, many espouse a rigid time frame for viability of entrapped living people (eg, 2 days, 4 days, 14 days). The available medical and engineering data and media reports demonstrate a wide variety in survival “time to rescue,” arguing against the acceptance of a single time interval applicable to all incidents. This article presents historical evidence and reports from the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Factors that may contribute to survival after entombment are listed. Finally, a decision process for projecting viability that considers the critical factors in each incident rather than adhering to a single time frame for ceasing search and rescue activities is proposed. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:13–22)

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Behavior of Building Occupants in Earthquakes

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Search and rescue in collapsed structures: engineering and social science aspects

Search and rescue in collapsed structures: engineering and social science aspects

Development of the CanRisk earthquake injury model

Survival Interval in Earthquake Entrapments: Research Findings Reinforced During the 2010 Haiti Earthquake Response

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