Behavior of Captive Loris Tardigradus Nordicus: A Qualitative Description, Including Some Information about Morphological Bases of Behavior

Schulze, Helga; Meier, Bernhard

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2405-9_15

Cited by 73 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The category of other was used for unusual postures that were seen after the project ethogram had been established. These postures included tripedal hang, quadrupedal hang and variations in the style of sitting which were distinct from the drawings in Schulze and Meier [25].…”

Section: Behavioral Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity Budget and Positional Behavior of the Mysore Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) : Implications for Slow Climbing Locomotion

Nekaris¹

2001

IJFP

167

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Both predator defense and feeding ecology models have been proposed to explain the relatively slow climbing locomotion of the Lorisinae. During a study of the socioecology of the Mysore slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) in Tamil Nadu, India, six categories of behavior and eleven different postures were recorded to estimate a general activity budget for the slender loris, and are examined here particularly in relation to slow climbing locomotor strategies. Reactions to potential predators are also described. The main study population was composed of 15 animals. Activity budgets were compiled in three ways: all instantaneous point samples collected over 1,173 h pooled (n = 13,717), the means of individual lorises (n = 15) and behavior at the moment of first contact (n = 357). No significant difference was found between these three data sets. Approximately 45% of the activity budget was spent in inactive behaviors including sitting vigilant, resting and sleeping. Foraging and traveling comprised nearly half the activity budget, with the rest of the time spent grooming. The most common postures assumed by lorises were sitting and quadrupedal walking. Individual lorises were relatively gregarious and spent up to half their activity budget with other animals. Unlike pottos and angwantibos, lorises did not freeze, head butt or drop from branches in reaction to potential predators, but either ignored them, fled or made loud calls. Cryptic and slow climbing locomotion were used before traveling on open ground between discontinuous substrates, thereby supporting hypotheses relating to predator pressure, and also before capturing fast moving insect prey, supporting hypotheses relating to diet. It is proposed that a divergence in foraging strategies between bushbabies and lorisines may be the best adaptive explanation for their behavioral and morphological differences, including predator defense mechanisms.

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Section: Behavioral Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first month of the project was spent constructing an ethogram based on one developed for captive lorises [25]. Data were collected using focal-animal instantaneous point sampling at 5-min intervals for 1,173 h [26].…”

Section: Behavioral Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity Budget and Positional Behavior of the Mysore Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) : Implications for Slow Climbing Locomotion

Nekaris¹

2001

IJFP

167

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“…Urine marking and scent glands in lorises are important in order to communicate and mark territory, and for use in sexual behaviors (Fisher et al, 2003 on Nycticebus pygmaeus; Schulze & Meier, 1995 on Loris tardigradus nordicus). An increase in such social behavioural, albeit not a significant one, could be an indication that feeding enrichment encourages such behaviours.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of environmental enrichment include: feeding enrichment, use of inanimate toys, varying substrates and group-housing arrangement depending on the animal's specific behavioural needs (Reinhardt et al, 1995;Brent & Belik, 1996;Vargas & Anderson, 1999;Kerridge, 2005;Maloney et al, 2006;Cummings et al, 2007;Dishman et al, 2009 (Brent & Belik, 1996); Lemurs (Kerridge, 2005;Maloney et al, 2006;Dishman et al, 2009); Marmosets (Robert et al, 1999); and Squirrel monkeys (Spring et al, 1997)], the information about the effect of environmental enrichment on slow lorises is scarce. Schulze & Meier (1995) used environmental enrichment in their study with the purpose of avoiding physical stress while observing the behaviour of Loris tardigradus nordicus, but the effect of the enrichment given was not recorded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Environmental Enrichment on the Social Behaviour of Javan Slow Loris, Nycticebus javanicus

Putri¹,

Moore²,

Andayani³

et al. 2015

TAPROBANICA

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We conducted a behavioural study on rescued captive N. javanicus housed at International Animal Rescue Centre, West Java, focussing on the frequency of social interactions in relation to varying amounts of enrichment provided. Three different sized cages were chosen comprising a total of ten slow lorises in groups of five, three and two individuals respectively. After providing extra enrichment, we observed a general increase in all social behaviours in both cages, except for proximity and attack. A significant increase in positive social interactions (clasp interaction) was observed when all data combine after environmental enrichment was given. We made sociograms to visualize the significant results of before and after enrichments. The clasp sociogram before enrichments phase revealed that the only male in both cages acted as the initiator of clasp behaviour to other female actors in the cage. This short study reveals positive signs in increasing certain desired behaviours and the role of individuals within the cage during enrichment.

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“…We used instantaneous scan sampling, with 1 min intervals for all animals within the cage (Altmann 1974). We combined the ethograms of Schulze & Meier (1995) and Moore & Nekaris (2011). We observed slow lorises for 30 min or 1 h segments.…”

Section: Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trialling exudate-based enrichment efforts to improve the welfare of rescued slow lorises Nycticebus spp.

Gray¹,

Nekaris

2015

Endang. Species. Res.

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Slow lorises Nycticebus spp. are heavily targeted in the illegal animal trade throughout Southeast Asia. Because lorises are venomous, many have their teeth inhumanely removed by animal traders in order to 'tame' them to live as pets or to be used for tourist photography. Confiscated animals are brought to rescue centres where captive care and rehabilitation has proven challenging. Many rescue centres report high mortality, high rates of abnormal behaviour, and low rates of successful reintroductions. Most centres, however, provide little or no gums or saps to these highly specialised exudativorous primates. Our study evaluated the effects of exudatebased enrichment efforts on confiscated wild-born slow lorises at a rescue centre in Java, Indonesia, including methods to provide exudates to animals lacking teeth. We found that these enrichment efforts prolonged foraging and feeding times, but did not reduce abnormal behaviour or promote social behaviour. We found a strong relationship between the amount of time spent on the ground and the time spent performing abnormal behaviour. We discuss the positive implications of prolonging feeding periods, the practicality of each of the enrichment efforts for different types of captive settings, and methods for improving the welfare of captive slow lorises via dietary changes.

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Behavior of Captive Loris Tardigradus Nordicus: A Qualitative Description, Including Some Information about Morphological Bases of Behavior

Cited by 73 publications

References 31 publications

Activity Budget and Positional Behavior of the Mysore Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) : Implications for Slow Climbing Locomotion

Activity Budget and Positional Behavior of the Mysore Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) : Implications for Slow Climbing Locomotion

Effects of Environmental Enrichment on the Social Behaviour of Javan Slow Loris, Nycticebus javanicus

Trialling exudate-based enrichment efforts to improve the welfare of rescued slow lorises Nycticebus spp.

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