Behavior of schmutzdecke with varied filtration rates of slow sand filter to remove total coliforms

Abstract

The previous research showed that slow sand filtration (SSF) can remove the total coli by approximately 99% because of the schmutzecke layer in the filter. The presented study aimed to complete the previous research on SSF, especially on the schmuztdecke layer mechanism, to remove total coli. Total coli is a parameter of water quality standard in Indonesia, and the behavior of schmutzdecke affects the total coli removal. In the present study, the raw water from Amprong River was treated using horizontal roughing filter (HRF) and SSF. The variations in SSF rate used were 0.2 and 0.4 m/h. Total coliforms were analyzed using the most probable number test, and schmutzdecke visualization was conducted through scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The best coliform concentration in water treated by the combination of HRF and SSF was 4,386 colonies per 100 mL of sample using the filtration rate of 0.2 m/h, and its removal efficiency was 99.60%. However, the quality of water treated by the combination of HRF and SSF did not meet the drinking water quality standard because the removal of total coli must be 100%. The SEM-EDX visualization results in schmutzdecke showed that the average bacteria in the schmutzdecke layer were small, white, opaque, and circular, with entire edge and flat elevation. The Gram test results showed that the schmutzdecke bacteria consisted of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with basil as the common cell form.

Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India

“…After 6 days, the purifying bacteria were developed in the form of biological film. The previous study has reported that the development of biological film on sand particles is the important part of the treatment process (Bhutiani et al, 2017;Ranjan and Prem, 2018;Matuzahroh et al, 2020). The wastewater before and after treatment with each type of the Reactor was analyzed for different physicochemical parameters viz.…”

Microbial ecology of biofiltration used for producing safe drinking water

“…pathogenic oocysts, bacteria, and viruses) from drinking water (Hijnen et al 2007 ; Haig et al 2011 ). SSF typically removes 2−6 log 10 oocysts, 2−4 log 10 of bacteria, and < 1−3 log 10 of viruses (Hijnen et al 2004 ; Wakelin et al 2010 ; Matuzahroh et al 2020 ) (Table S5 ).…”

Facile fabrication of low-cost activated carbon bonded polyethersulfone membrane for efficient bacteria and turbidity removal

“…Activated carbon blend polymers were fabricated using a dry phase inversion method known as precipitation by solvent evaporation. In this method, the solvent in the dope solution is allowed to evaporate in the atmosphere to free the water vapour, allowing a dense, homogeneous membrane to be formed (Mulder 1996), since the bigger the demixing gap is, the easier it is to form a denser membrane structure (Han et al 2010). In Figure 3, the activated carbon disc which was made of 50% of PES solution has more coverage of PES dense layer attached in the disc surface and structure, compared to the AC-Disc 30.…”