Behavioral and attitudinal correlates of subjects' initial therapeutic expectancies as a function of varied instructional set

Cooper, Steven H.; Ribordy, Sheila C.; Cross, Ellen

doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(78)80035-5

Cited by 2 publications

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“…to lead to greater credibility of the counselor and to subsequent opinion change (Atkinson & Carskaddon, 1975;Claiborn & Schmidt, 1977;Greenberg, 1969;Strong &Schmidt, 1970). Instructions to generate positive expectations for therapeutic change and awareness of therapeutic goals by means of treatment rationales have been shown to increase therapeutic expectations (Kazdin & Krouse, 1983;Rosen, 1975;Wollersheim, Bordewick, Knapp, McLellarn, & Paul, 1982) and to produce beneficial therapeutic outcome (Cooper, Ribordy, & Cross, 1978;Horvath, 1984;Kirsch, Tennen, Wickless, Saccone, & Cody, 1983; Rosen, 1976).…”

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confidence: 99%

Treatment expectancy as a function of the amount of information presented in therapeutic rationales

Horváth

1990

J. Clin. Psychol.

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This study investigated the effects of content and formal variables in therapeutic rationales on treatment expectancies. Five treatment descriptions were presented to undergraduates (N = 250). The rationales varied in terms of therapeutic focus, number of techniques, and the length of the description. There was no support for the influence of therapeutic focus on expectancies. One of the treatment descriptions raised greater expectancies than the control condition. The effects appeared to be due to the moderate length or amount of information in the rationale. Findings are explained in terms of the perceived clarity of the information and the adequate description of the treatments presented.

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confidence: 99%

Treatment expectancy as a function of the amount of information presented in therapeutic rationales

Horváth

1990

J. Clin. Psychol.

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“…Therapeutic rationales have been used to communicate (a) information concerning the power or efficacy of the treatment and (b) information concerning designated therapeutic goals (Rosen, 1976). Although each type has been investigated, only a few studies have systematically investigated the separate and combined effects of both (see, e.g., Cooper, Ribordy, & Cross, 1978; Rosen, 1975). Placebo effects may vary, depending on the type of rationales administered and their components.…”

Section: Sources Of Confounding Variables In Placebo Controls and The...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research needs to separate the effects of behavioral techniques from self-persuasion occasioned by the perception of oneself progressing through a hierarchy of tasks. One way to accomplish this may be to administer behavioral treatments under nontherapeutic rationales or under conditions in which the subject is not aware of the purpose or goal of the exercises (see, e.g., Cooper et al, 1978; Horvath, 1984; Rosen, 1975).…”

Section: Sources Of Confounding Variables In Placebo Controls and The...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebos and common factors in two decades of psychotherapy research.

Horváth¹

1988

Psychological Bulletin

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Two decades of psychotherapy research conceptualizing placebos as variables common across psychotherapies are reviewed. Placebo treatments and placebo controls have been thought to be composed of factors common across psychotherapies by definition. Little empirical support, howevei; was found for this view. The components of placebo controls are not necessarily common with but are often very diiferent from the components of designated therapies. A review was also conducted of the more obvious as well as the more subtle sources of noncontrolled variables that may differentially enter therapeutic conditions. The types of placebo control groups most often used in the literature are not adequate to control the effects of various so-called nonspecific variables or to test the active elements of psychotherapies. Two types of placebo groups were found to be the most appropriate to control for confounding variables in the study of psychological processes and active therapeutic components.Traditionally, psychotherapies and placebos have been thought to belong to two different classes of treatments. In this view, therapies are unique and individual forms of treatments with mechanisms specific to some theoretical conceptualization, but placebos are composed of factors that are common to most types of therapy (Basham, 1986;Critelli & Neumann, 1984;O'Leary & Borkovec, 1978). It has been pointed out that placebo components are assumed to be common to the designated therapy and placebo control by definition (Wilkins, 1983). In addition, placebos are seen as having less specific or focused effects than legitimate psychotherapies (Shapiro & Morris, 1978). Both of these assumptions are overgeneralizations. This article presents an investigation of the nature of placebo controls and components based on their use in the literature. The review of two decades of the use of placebo controls in psychotherapy research indicates that the assumption that placebos are composed of common variables across therapies is not reflected in research designs. Therapies and placebo controls do not share common elements in a large proportion of the reviewed studies.Conditions that have been designated at one time or another as placebo components also vary considerably across therapies and are as unique as psychotherapy components. Placebos, like psychotherapies, have effects that are on target as well as effects that are off target or outside the specified problem. To the extent that both psychotherapies and placebos have clinically significant effects that are on target, they are legitimate forms of ther-

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Behavioral and attitudinal correlates of subjects' initial therapeutic expectancies as a function of varied instructional set

Cited by 2 publications

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Treatment expectancy as a function of the amount of information presented in therapeutic rationales

Treatment expectancy as a function of the amount of information presented in therapeutic rationales

Placebos and common factors in two decades of psychotherapy research.

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