Behavioral and Histological Outcomes Following Graded Spinal Cord Contusion Injury in the C57Bl/6 Mouse

Ma, Michelle; Basso, D. Michele; Walters, Patricia J.; Stokes, Bradford T.; Jakeman, Lyn B.

doi:10.1006/exnr.2001.7679

Cited by 220 publications

(203 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This is consistent with the observation that in a rodent contusion spinal cord injury model, a central core lesion area was surrounded by a rim of spared white matter. 26 This could be due to the location of the gray matter vs the white matter 27 as well as the fact that the cell bodies are structurally di erent than axons and could possibly be injured more easily.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The increase of reactive oxygen species and their inhibition in an isolated guinea pig spinal cord compression model

Luo

Robinson

et al. 2002

Spinal Cord

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Study design:In vitro studies using isolated guinea pig spinal cord. Objectives: To develop an alternative model using isolated guinea pig spinal cord, which can be used to screen antioxidants for in vivo SCI treatment. Setting: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Methods: The compression injury was induced by a constant-displacement of 5-s compression of spinal cord using a modi®ed forceps possessing a spacer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated using three distinct methods:¯uorescence microscopy, lipid peroxidation assay, and¯ow cytometry. Results: The injury-mediated ROS increases are comparable with other in vivo studies and consistent with our previous observation using a similar injury model and measured with electrophysiological and anatomical technique. Further, ascorbic acid, hypothermia, or the combination of both signi®cantly suppressed superoxide and lipid peroxidation. The combination treatment was the most e ective when compared with ascorbic acid or hypothermia alone. Conclusion: This in vitro model has the advantage of replicating some of the in vivo conditions while gaining the ability to control the experimental conditions. This in vitro model is suitable to study the mechanisms of ROS generation and degradation and can also be used to critically evaluate the e ective suppressor of ROS in the contents of spinal cord traumatic injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The increase of reactive oxygen species and their inhibition in an isolated guinea pig spinal cord compression model

Luo

Robinson

et al. 2002

Spinal Cord

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“…For mice, a modified Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale (Joshi and Fehlings, 2002) with 21 as normal and 0 as complete hindlimb paralysis was used to score locomotion in the open field after SCI (Basso et al, 1996;Joshi and Fehlings, 2002;Kim et al, 2003b;Ma et al, 2001;Noble et al, 2002;Wells et al, 2003;Zheng et al, 2003). Another BBB modification developed to score mice as opposed to rats collapses values from 16 to 21 of the original rat scoring system to scores of 16-17 due to the difficulties in making assessments at the upper end of the scoring range in mice (Dergham et al, 2002).…”

Section: Behavioral Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenic inhibition of Nogo-66 receptor function allows axonal sprouting and improved locomotion after spinal injury

Kim

Budel

et al. 2005

Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience

101

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Axon growth after spinal injury is thought to be limited in part by myelin-derived proteins that act via the Nogo-66 Receptor (NgR). To test this hypothesis, we sought to study recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) after inhibiting NgR transgenically with a soluble function-blocking NgR fragment. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) gene regulatory elements were used to generate mice that secrete NgR(310)ecto from astrocytes. After mid-thoracic dorsal over-hemisection injury, gfap∷ngr(310)ecto mice exhibit enhanced raphespinal and corticospinal axonal sprouting into the lumbar spinal cord. Recovery of locomotion is improved in the gfap∷ngr(310)ecto mice. These data indicate that the NgR ligands, Nogo-66, MAG, and OMgp, play a role in limiting axonal growth in the injured adult CNS and that NgR(310)ecto might provide a therapeutic means to promote recovery from SCI.

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“…21 In the BBB, a digital system resembling the scoring used by spinal cord physicians for human SCI victims and established by the American Spinal Injury Association ('ASIA score'), wherein 2-3 independent and 'blinded' (as to treatment) observers score the animal's hindlimb function and a value of 0 represents paralysis and 21 is equivalent to complete recovery. 22 BBB hindlimb motor function evaluation was performed before injury and on days 1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 postinjury and entered into a computer program designed to analyze the data. 23 Beam walking In addition to BBB, the mice were also assessed using their ability to walk on 50 cm long steel beams with decreasing widths from 2 to 0.5 cm in order to evaluate their fine motor function as described previously.…”

Section: Controlled Compression Scimentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-related differences in recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord injury in mice

Farooque

Suo

et al. 2005

Spinal Cord

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Study design: In order to study the role of gender in recovery, we induced a thoracic compression spinal cord injury (SCI) separately in 2-month-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice. Objectives: We intended to assess effects of gender on recovery of hindlimb motor function and to correlate these with histomorphologic profiles of injured spinal cord tissue. Methods: Locomotor function was evaluated by three means: a modified locomotor scoring system for rodents, beam walking and computerized activity meter. Histology was analyzed by comparison of hematoxylin and eosin-stained perfused specimens. Results: Locomotor scores were 2.270.9 on day 1 in male mice, while, in contrast, they were significantly higher, 7.371.7, in females (Po0.02). On day 14 Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores were 9.572.2 in male mice and 16.072.2 in females (Po0.03). Terminal histology showed that the spinal cord architecture was relatively better preserved in female mice and that the extent of necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells was less compared to males. Setting: Neurobiology Research Laboratory of University of Kansas Medical School in US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri. Conclusion: We found that the severity of the initial injury as well as the ultimate recovery of motor function after SCI is significantly influenced by gender, being remarkably better in females. The mechanism(s) of neuroprotection in females, although not yet elucidated, may be associated with the effects of estrogen on pathophysiological processes (blood flow, leukocyte migration inhibition, antioxidant properties, and inhibition of apoptosis).

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Behavioral and Histological Outcomes Following Graded Spinal Cord Contusion Injury in the C57Bl/6 Mouse

Cited by 220 publications

References 47 publications

The increase of reactive oxygen species and their inhibition in an isolated guinea pig spinal cord compression model

The increase of reactive oxygen species and their inhibition in an isolated guinea pig spinal cord compression model

Transgenic inhibition of Nogo-66 receptor function allows axonal sprouting and improved locomotion after spinal injury

Gender-related differences in recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord injury in mice

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