Behavioral and hormonal responses to separation in infant rhesus monkeys and mothers.

Levine, Seymour; Johnson, Deanne F.; Gonzalez, Carol A.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.99.3.399

Cited by 78 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…A recent report (Stanton, Wallstrom, & Levine, 1987) suggests that the elevation of corticosterone secretion in maternally deprived rat pups is normalized by simple passive contact between the pups and a lactating female, and so does not require active maternal behavior. Similarly, active tactile contact is not necessary to normalize cortisol secretion in maternally separated primate infants (Levine, Johnson, & Gonzalez, 1985). Therefore, it is possible that the normalization of hormone secretion by tactile stimuli reflects a "nonspecific" effect of sensory stimulation, although we have shown previously that the growth hormone response is not normalized by aversive forms of stimulation (Evoniuk et al, 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Endocrine responses to mother‐infant separation in developing rats

Kuhn

Pauk

Schanberg

1990

Developmental Psychobiology

228

145

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Separation of neonatal rat pups from the dam have been reported to elicit two endocrine responses in the pup: a fall in growth hormone secretion and a rise in corticosterone secretion. However, the temporal, ontogenetic, and behavioral determinants of these responses have not been compared. In the present study, we report that these two responses can be differentiated on each of these criteria. Growth hormone secretion falls rapidly immediately upon separation of pups from the dam, while robust rises in corticosterone secretion are delayed for many hours. In addition, growth hormone responses are observed earlier in ontogeny. Finally, active maternal behavior is required for normal growth hormone secretion in 10-day-old rat pups, while passive sensory stimuli associated with the dam can significantly reduce the corticosterone response to separation.

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mentioning

confidence: 84%

Endocrine responses to mother‐infant separation in developing rats

Kuhn

Pauk

Schanberg

1990

Developmental Psychobiology

228

145

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“…The precise nature of these is dependent on the dose of the steroid, the developmental stage at which the exposure occurs (74,75), and the species studied (76 -78). In animals that give birth to relatively mature young (sheep, guinea pigs, and primates), maximal brain growth and a large proportion of neuroendocrine maturation (including corticosteroid receptor development) takes place in utero (76,77).…”

Section: Effects Of Exogenous Glucocorticoids On Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Corticosteroids on the Developing Animal

Edwards

Burnham

2001

Pediatr Res

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The following is the fifth in our series of review articles on the developmental biology of the nervous system and its relation to diseases and disorders that are found in newborn infants and children. In this article Drs. Edwards Infants are subjected to both endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids in the pre-and postnatal periods. Stress to the mother before birth, or to the child postpartum, can give rise to high, chronic endogenous corticosteroid levels caused by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Physician-administered exogenous corticosteroids are also used in the management of a wide spectrum of pre-and postnatal conditions. The long-term effects of corticosteroids in developing humans are not well known. Studies in animals, however, indicate that both natural stress and exogenous corticosteroids can have longlasting and deleterious effects on the body, brain, behavior, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of developing infants. These data suggest that exogenous corticosteroids should be administered with caution, after careful benefit/risk analyses, and that, as far as possible, the developing brain should be protected against the effects of pre-and postnatal stress. Abbreviations: HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis PVN, paraventricular nucleus CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone POMC, proopiomelanocortin GR, glucocorticoid receptor MR, mineralocorticoid receptors GABA, gamma amino butyric acid MHC, major histocompatibility complex 11␤-HSD, 11␤-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Infants are subjected to both endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids in the pre-and postnatal periods. When pregnant women undergo prolonged stress, for instance, such as that caused by family discord or the death of a spouse, the unborn infant is subjected to high, chronic levels of endogenous corticosteroids (1, 2). This is a result of repeated activation of the mother's HPA axis (1). Postnatally, traumatic events in the child's life give rise to high, chronic corticosteroid levels, resulting from activation of the child's own HPA axis (3).Exogenous glucocorticoids are also used in the management of a wide spectrum of pediatric diseases. Prenatally-and in

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“…Increased plasmatic ACTH and cortisol levels have been observed during behavioral despair in neonate nonhuman primates when separated from the mother [21,22] . Furthermore, when CRH is injected into the cerebral nervous system of laboratory animals, it produces effects reminiscent of stress, depression, fear and anxiety through actions on specific brain regions [4,[23][24][25] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood stressful events, HPA axis and anxiety disorders

Faravelli

Sauro²,

Godini³

et al. 2012

WJP

143

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Anxiety disorders are among the most common of all mental disorders and their pathogenesis is a major topic in psychiatry, both for prevention and treatment. Early stressful life events and alterations of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis function seem to have a significant role in the onset of anxiety. Existing data appear to support the mediating effect of the HPA axis between childhood traumata and posttraumatic stress disorder. Findings on the HPA axis activity at baseline and after stimuli in panic disordered patients are inconclusive, even if stressful life events may have a triggering function in the development of this disorder. Data on the relationship between stress, HPA axis functioning and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are scarce and discordant, but an increased activity of the HPA axis is reported in OCD patients. Moreover, normal basal cortisol levels and hyperresponsiveness of the adrenal cortex during a psychosocial stressor are observed in social phobics. Finally, abnormal HPA axis activity has also been observed in generalized anxiety disordered patients. While several hypothesis have attempted to explain these findings over time, currently the most widely accepted theory is that early stressful life events may provoke alterations of the stress response and thus of the HPA axis, that can endure during adulthood, predisposing individuals to develop psychopathology. All theories are reviewed and the authors conclude that childhood life events and HPA abnormalities may be specifically and transnosographically related to all anxiety disorders, as well as, more broadly, to all psychiatric disorders.

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Behavioral and hormonal responses to separation in infant rhesus monkeys and mothers.

Cited by 78 publications

References 18 publications

Endocrine responses to mother‐infant separation in developing rats

Endocrine responses to mother‐infant separation in developing rats

The Impact of Corticosteroids on the Developing Animal

Childhood stressful events, HPA axis and anxiety disorders

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