Behavioral and neural characteristics of short-latency and long-latency conditioned responses in cats.

Korhonen, Tapani; Penttonen, Markku

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.5.944

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The OR itself is also able to affect a process mediating stimulus significance, that is, associative learning. Korhonen & Penttonen (1989a, 1989b found that when unpaired presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) preceded their forward pairings in one group of cats, learning was much slower than in another group of animals in which the experiment started with forwardly paired trials. A stronger OR to novel CSs when the experiment started with forward CS-US pairings was interpreted to result in faster learning.…”

Section: Orienting and Habituationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-unit responses to pitch changes in rabbits

Ruusuvirta¹,

Korhonen²,

Arikoski³

et al. 1996

NeuroReport

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Yhteenveto: Aivovasteet kuuloarsykemuutoksiin kissoilla ja kaneilla. Diss.Brain responses to pitch changes were measured in cats and rabbits. Event related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from the hippocampus (cats and rabbits), cerebellar cortex, and visual cortex (rabbits). Additionally, multiple unit activity (MUA) was measured in rabbits from the same trials and through the same electrodes as the ERPs. Pitch changes were introduced by presenting pitch deviant tones (deviants) in a sequence of homogenous repeated tones (standards). Differences in ERPs to the deviants and those to the standards (MMN-like ERPs) were found in recordings from the hippocampus and cerebellar cortex but not from the visual cortex. They did not occur before 75 ms from tone onset. MMN-like MUA was, in tum, present within the 20 ms latency in the hippocampus. The MMN-like responses reflected the different presentation rates of the deviants and standards only. Therefore, the responses did not resemble the mismatch negativity (MMN) observed in the cerebral cortex in humans and thought to represent a comparison process detecting a mismatch between a sensory input by the deviant and a short-term memory trace of the preceding standards. The hippocampal MUA recordings revealed a fast (latency less than 20 ms) increase in spike activity, particularly to the standards, suggesting that the higher stimulus presentation rate did not result in refractoriness on the part of those neural ensembles that were activated by the stimulation, as has been proposed in the case of the reduced amplitude of the Nl deflection of ERPs in humans. Three main conclusions can be drawn. First, instead of a separate comparison process, the different presentation rate of each type of stimulus per se is sufficient to explain the observed differences between responses to the deviants and those to the standards. Second, rather than neural refractoriness, this effect may represent an active process related to the formation of the short-term memory trace of repeated stimuli. Thirdly, since the effect of the stimulus repetition rate can be related to the memory trace, the trace seems to be widely distributed in the brain.

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Section: Orienting and Habituationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple-unit responses to pitch changes in rabbits

Ruusuvirta¹,

Korhonen²,

Arikoski³

et al. 1996

NeuroReport

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“…In previous studies, cats showed a persistent tendency to turn their heads toward the source of the tone when the tone CS was presented to one ear and paired with electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in the lateral hypothalamus (Korhonen & Penttonen, 1989a, 1989b. These head-turn CRs disappeared during subsequent unpaired presentations of the CS and US.…”

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confidence: 97%

Unilateral medial forebrain bundle activation selectively enhances conditioned orienting head turns and ipsilateral cingulate cortex evoked field responses in cats

et al. 1994

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Effects of a unilateral medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation unconditioned stimulus (US) on conditioned head turn and bilateral cingulate cortex field potentials were studied in cats. Conditioned stimuli (CSs) of different frequences were given randomly to either ear. The CS+ was followed by the US, and the CS-was presented alone. Before conditioning most cats predominantly turned toward the ear to which the CSs were presented, whereas after conditioning the head turns were in one direction, most prominently contralateral to the US. Negative field potentials were greater in the cingulate cortex ipsilateral to the US than in the cingulate cortex contralateral to the US. Cross correlations indicated similarities between the waveforms recorded for the CS and the US within each cingulate cortex, but differences between the two sides of the cingulate cortex. It is suggested that the unilateral MFB system has brain side specific effects on conditioned orienting head turns and cingulate cortex neuronal activity.

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“…Electrical stimulation (unconditioned stimulus, or US) is applied to the medial forebrain bundle at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. The amplitude of the head turn (conditioned response, or CR) is then measured with a movement acceleration transducer attached to the eat's head during paired (Korhonen & Penttonen, 1989) and differential (Penttonen, Korhonen, Arikoski, & Hugdahl, 1993) conditioning. The qualitative features of the CR are observed from videorecordings, and this process is guided by the trial information superimposed on the animal's behavior by the experiment control system.…”

Section: Application Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A microcomputer system for controlling classical conditioning experiments

Penttonen

Salmi

Hamalainen

et al. 1994

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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A microcomputer-based laboratory system for controlling stimulus presentations and data acquisition in classical conditioning experiments is described. The system comprises an Intel 386/486-based microcomputer and a commercially obtained low-cost counter/timer board with input/output lines for stimulus timing and external device control. A simple, yet versatile custom-designed structured programming language is provided for performing an unlimited number of stimulus configurations and their sequences. In electrophysiological studies, the system can be flexibly connected to computer-controlled signal conditioning systems for the amplification and filtering of multiunit and evoked field potential responses and to high-speed data acquisition systems for sampling and analyzing the responses. The costs of reserving an entire microcomputer for experiment control are well compensated for by the simplicity and efficiency of programming and transportability of the control protocols between different setups and laboratories. Furthermore, a data acquisition and analysis system most suitable for the aims of a research project can be selected.We have developed a control system that flexibly performs the timing and delivery of experimental stimuli in classical conditioning experiments. It offers commands for event timing, external stimulus device control, data acquisition system synchronization, and video screen display control. Our system may be a useful investment for experimenters using a wide variety of equipment and systems for behavioral and electrophysiological data collection. It is particularly suitable for experiments requiring continuous AID conversion with high sampling ratesfor example, when multichannel, multiunit, or evoked field response recordings are performed.Although in classical conditioning experiments only a limited set ofstimuli are used and the stimuli are presented independently of the subject's behavior, there is a great variability in their relations and timings (e.g., Gormezano, Kehoe, & Marshall, 1983;Rescorla, 1988). The present experiment control system was therefore designed to be versatile enough to adapt to a wide variety of experimenThis research was supported by the Finnish Academy. Address correspondence to M. Penttonen,

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Behavioral and neural characteristics of short-latency and long-latency conditioned responses in cats.

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Multiple-unit responses to pitch changes in rabbits

Multiple-unit responses to pitch changes in rabbits

Unilateral medial forebrain bundle activation selectively enhances conditioned orienting head turns and ipsilateral cingulate cortex evoked field responses in cats

A microcomputer system for controlling classical conditioning experiments

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