Behavioral contrast: Research and areas for investigation

Abstract

Behavioral contrast occurs when a change in reinforcement rate in one context results in a change in behavior in the opposite direction in an unchanged context. Despite decades of study by basic researchers, behavioral contrast has remained largely an unstudied phenomenon among applied researchers. The purpose of this paper is to occasion translational and applied research on behavioral contrast with the aim of predicting and controlling socially significant behavior in unchanged contexts. We present a brief history of contrast and related definitions, review research with human and nonhuman subjects, and suggest future directions for applied and translational researchers.

Revisiting the social validity of services rendered through a university‐based practicum addressing challenging behavior

“…To protect against threats to generality associated with behavioral contrast (Boyle et al, 2018), resurgence (Perrin et al, 2022), and counter‐control (Delprato, 2002), we first validated our treatment approach within the highly controlled contexts described by Lambert, Copeland et al (2022). However, we only considered those validated efforts a “proof of concept” of what might be possible for the child's life.…”

Effects consistent with behavioral contrast during a multiple schedule for discrimination training on mands for attention

“…For that reason, Boyle et al. (2018) suggested using the term “effects consistent with contrast”. Regardless of whether the effect is considered “contrast” or “consistent with contrast”, the effects of an intervention in non‐programmed environments represent a socially valid concern for applied researchers and practitioners.…”

“…Boyle et al. (2018) referred to these types of studies as “analogs to contrast procedures.” They conducted parent training in the home setting targeting a child's oppositional behavior in home and assessed rates at school, where the intervention was not implemented by school personnel. Although a subsequent increase in oppositional behavior was observed in the school accompanying a decrease in the home, it is unknown exactly why.…”

“…One must be careful in ascribing contrast effects to behavior operating under ratio requirements, because increased responding produces higher reinforcer rates. For that reason, Boyle et al (2018) suggested using the term "effects consistent with contrast". Regardless of whether the effect is considered "contrast" or "consistent with contrast", the effects of an intervention in non-programmed environments represent a socially valid concern for applied researchers and practitioners.…”

“…Wahler et al (2004) observed effects consistent with positive behavioral contrast, though not in a typical contrast experimental preparation. Boyle et al (2018) referred to these types of studies as "analogs to contrast procedures." They conducted parent training in the home setting targeting a child's oppositional behavior in home and assessed rates at school, where the intervention was not implemented by school personnel.…”