Behavioral Development and Socialization of Infants in a Free-Ranging Group of Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata)

Clarke, Margaret R.

doi:10.1159/000156422

Cited by 82 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Although MACK (1979) andCLARKE (1990) indicate that the consumption of solid food by infants occurs from the second month of age on, the present study observed this behavior when the infant was only one month of age, as observed by LYALL (1996) on A. palliata. According to MACK (1979), NEVILLE et al (1988) and DEFLER (2004, the tail of an Alouatta infant is only functional when it is one and a half to two months of age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 44%

“…However, the present study indicates that the studied infant showed tail functionality by supporting its own weight when it was only one-month-old, according with LYALL (1996) study. These small variations in infant developmental period can occur among species, among sexes, environments, individuals peculiarties and even depending on the time of the year when the infant was born (FEDIGAN 1982, CLARKE 1990, CALEGARO-MARQUES & BICCA-MARQUES 1993b, STRIER 2003, KOWALEWSKI & ZUNINO 2004. In September, the five-month-old infant started to display instances of movement, feeding and participation in plays in a way similar to the patterns observed in juvenile animals (BONVICINO 1989, MENDES 1989, CHIARELLO 1993, BICCA-MARQUES & CALEGARO-MARQUES 1994.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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The first seven months of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt) (Primates, Atelidae): interactions and the development of behavioral patterns

et al. 2005

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The development of the interactions of an infant primate with its mother and the other members of its social group plays a special role in the ethology and demography of the species, with consequences for their survive and their conservation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the development of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812) in the wild, its behavior and interactions during its first seven months of age, in a remnant of Araucaria Pine Forest in Paraná State, Brazil. Using the method of instantaneous scanning with 5 min intervals, a total of 46 hours and 15 minutes of direct observation (555 individual records) showed that the infant behavioral patterns during its first four months were characterized by high dependency, which decreased progressively until the appearance of typically juvenile behaviors during the remaining 3 months. The first records of feeding on solid food, tail functionality and allomaternal care were also recorded and discussed. This work contributes to an understanding of the ontogenetic development of a poorly known aspect of this species, and thus for a more understanding of the genus Alouatta Lacépède, 1799.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 44%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The first seven months of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt) (Primates, Atelidae): interactions and the development of behavioral patterns

et al. 2005

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“…The youngest natal emigrant known to survive and reproduce left at 14 months of age, an age defined as ''juvenilehood'' in this species [Clarke, 1990]. Many group animals have been captured and marked for other projects according to established protocols [Glander et al, 1991], and captured immatures are sexed and given unique bleach marks (Seventh Heaven R L'Oreal Paris) in addition to tattoos and/ or microchips (AVID Identification Systems, Folsom, LA).…”

Section: Study Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many group animals have been captured and marked for other projects according to established protocols [Glander et al, 1991], and captured immatures are sexed and given unique bleach marks (Seventh Heaven R L'Oreal Paris) in addition to tattoos and/ or microchips (AVID Identification Systems, Folsom, LA). Infants and juveniles not captured are aged based on size and activity level [for definitions, see Clarke, 1990], but sex cannot be determined unless they are seen within the first few weeks of life [Clarke et al, 2007]. Individual juveniles could be identified through naturally occurring white patches on tails and palmar surfaces.…”

Section: Study Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natal emigration by both sexes in the La Pacifica population of mantled howlers: when do some stay?

Clarke

Glander

2007

American J Primatol

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We have reported previously that all male and female mantled howlers emigrate from natal groups at Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica. In the years since that report, a small number of juveniles have stayed in the natal group without experiencing a solitary phase. Here, we present a post hoc analysis on juvenile emigration in six groups of howlers under observation for varying amounts of time between 1972 and 2005. Our records revealed 139 juveniles for whom emigration status was certain, and 125 of these did emigrate. There was a significant association between presence of mother and emigration: juveniles without mothers were more likely to remain in their natal group (χ = 53.1, P<.0001). The mean age of emigration for all juveniles (n = 125) was 2.47 years (SD = 0.9, range = 1.5–6.5). There was no difference in age of emigration by adult male composition (one‐male, multi‐male, both), but juveniles of unknown sex emigrated younger than either known males or females (F2,116 = 4.4, P<.02). For emigrating juveniles of known sex (n = 99), both males and females without mothers left at a later age than those with mothers (F1,95 = 6.5, P<.02). Although philopatry or delayed emigration occurs in a few motherless animals, most males and females do emigrate from their natal groups at ages consistent with those reported for other species of howlers. Am. J. Primatol. 70:195–200, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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“…Primate mothers are critical for the normal social development of their infants (11)(12)(13), with classic studies demonstrating that maternal deprivation is associated with intense anxiety (14), inappropriate aggression (15), and an inability to form social relationships (16). The mother-infant relationship is therefore critical to proper social development; however, research also demonstrates the importance of the larger social milieu (17)(18)(19)(20). For example, a recent study in mice found that early interactions with mothers and peers independently shape adult behavior (21).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early social exposure in wild chimpanzees: Mothers with sons are more gregarious than mothers with daughters

Murray

Lonsdorf

Stanton

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In many mammals, early social experience is critical to developing species-appropriate adult behaviors. Although mother-infant interactions play an undeniably significant role in social development, other individuals in the social milieu may also influence infant outcomes. Additionally, the social skills necessary for adult success may differ between the sexes. In chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), adult males are more gregarious than females and rely on a suite of competitive and cooperative relationships to obtain access to females. In fission-fusion species, including humans and chimpanzees, subgroup composition is labile and individuals can vary the number of individuals with whom they associate. Thus, mothers in these species have a variety of social options. In this study, we investigated whether wild chimpanzee maternal subgrouping patterns differed based on infant sex. Our results show that mothers of sons were more gregarious than mothers of daughters; differences were especially pronounced during the first 6 mo of life, when infant behavior is unlikely to influence maternal subgrouping. Furthermore, mothers with sons spent significantly more time in parties containing males during the first 6 mo. These early differences foreshadow the well-documented sex differences in adult social behavior, and maternal gregariousness may provide sons with important observational learning experiences and social exposure early in life. The presence of these patterns in chimpanzees raises questions concerning the evolutionary history of differential social exposure and its role in shaping sex-typical behavior in humans.infant socialization | maternal behavior | chimpanzees | fission-fusion species E arly socialization is critical to developing social competency later in life. In mammals, mothers have enormous influence on their offspring's early social experience, with implications for adult social behavior. In humans, the relative contribution of parental and others' social influence on the development of sextypical behavior receives considerable attention and is often debated (1-4). Comparative research provides insight into the origins and development of sex differences in the absence of human cultural sex socialization. Decades of research in rodent and primate models have demonstrated that social deprivation curtails the development of species-appropriate behaviors (5-8) and cognition (9, 10). Primate mothers are critical for the normal social development of their infants (11-13), with classic studies demonstrating that maternal deprivation is associated with intense anxiety (14), inappropriate aggression (15), and an inability to form social relationships (16). The mother-infant relationship is therefore critical to proper social development; however, research also demonstrates the importance of the larger social milieu (17)(18)(19)(20). For example, a recent study in mice found that early interactions with mothers and peers independently shape adult behavior (21). Likewise, some negative impacts of maternal deprivati...

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Behavioral Development and Socialization of Infants in a Free-Ranging Group of Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata)

Cited by 82 publications

References 20 publications

The first seven months of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt) (Primates, Atelidae): interactions and the development of behavioral patterns

The first seven months of an infant of Alouatta guariba (Humboldt) (Primates, Atelidae): interactions and the development of behavioral patterns

Natal emigration by both sexes in the La Pacifica population of mantled howlers: when do some stay?

Early social exposure in wild chimpanzees: Mothers with sons are more gregarious than mothers with daughters

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