Behavioral effects of severe and moderate early malnutrition

Wolf, Cynthia; Cr, Almli; Finger, Stanley; Ryan, Stephen P.; Pj, Morgane

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90270-2

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, the 8% casein group did not show abnormal behaviors. 32) These data suggest that abnormal behaviors may be associated with changes in brain weight in rodents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…32) Additionally, reduced anxiety behavior has been observed in the light-dark transition, 33) elevated T maze 14,34) and elevated plus maze. 12,13) In the present study, postweaning PM also produced hyperactivity in the Irwin test and lower anxiety levels or higher impulsiveness in the elevated plus maze, as indicated by high frequencies of entries into the open arms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…42) The effect of protein malnutrition during the gestation and/or lactation period on brain weight loss has been reported. 32,43) Wolf et al 32) measured the body and brain weights of PM (6 or 8% casein diet) and well-fed (25% casein) rats. The body weight of the PM (6 and 8% casein diet) rats was significantly decreased compared with well-fed rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Executive Functions of Postweaning Protein Malnutrition in Mice

Sato

Nakagawasai

Tan-No

et al. 2011

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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An inadequate supply of nutrition is one of the main nongenetic factors affecting brain development.1) Liu et al. 2) demonstrated that children with malnutrition signs at three years of age tend to have low IQ, excessive motor activity and antisocial behavior in adulthood. In the framework of such nutritional inadequacy, early protein malnutrition (PM) adversely affects central nervous system (CNS) maturation, resulting in long-lasting, or even permanent, deleterious effects. 3,4)Malnutrition is a common problem worldwide and occurs in both developing and developed countries. In developing countries malnutrition is associated with poverty or socioeconomic problems, whereas in developed countries, the weight of the newborn is influenced by the mothers diet 5) and the weight at birth affects subsequent development. 6) Also, in developed countries, severe malnutrition is commonly found in patients with eating disorders which frequently occurs during adolescence leading to interruptions of somatic and psychological development. The use of common weight control techniques by healthy weight adolescents can produce chronic undernutrition. 7)In rats, there are two principal types of PM experimental models: prenatal (i.e., gestation period) and early postnatal (i.e., lactation period) malnutrition. There are many studies focused on body and brain morphological affects of these PM models, such as body and brain weight, 3) hippocampal effects, 8,9) span of basilar dendrities 10) and neocortical effects.11) The prenatal and early postnatal PM also causes various abnormal behaviors, such as increased exploratory behavior, 12,13) reduced anxiety, 13,14) decreased social interaction, 15) increased depressive behavior, 16) increased aggressive behavior, 17,18) prepulse inhibition deficits 19) and impairment of memory-related behavior. [20][21][22] In contrast, there are remarkably few reports concerning postweaning PM effects on the CNS. Lukoyanov and Andrade 23) found that eight months of PM in adult rats induced a marked loss of neurons and synapses in the hippocampal formation and that the morphological alterations led to noticeable impairments in openfield behavior and spatial learning in the water maze. Thus, even if PM begins in adult animals, abnormal behaviors are induced which take a long time to express.The human brain develops rapidly in the last third of pregnancy and the first two years of life. Brain weight increases with age and achieves adult weight between six and 14 years of age. By two years of age the brain is approximately 80% of the adult weight and at one time it was believed that, to a large extent, brain development had ended. More recently it has become apparent that brain development continues through adolescence and even as adults the brain can adapt to changing circumstances. Adolescence is a particularly important time for brain development as more adult ways of thinking emerge: abstract thinking, deductive reasoning and the ability to solve problems. 24) There is increasing evidence that diet...

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“…However, the 8% casein group did not show abnormal behaviors. 32) These data suggest that abnormal behaviors may be associated with changes in brain weight in rodents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Executive Functions of Postweaning Protein Malnutrition in Mice

Sato

Nakagawasai

Tan-No

et al. 2011

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…However, memory deficit produced by prenatal WIN may be dissociated from the hyperactivity, which has been reported to be caused postnatally by WIN (28), because the latter was present at 40 but not at 80 days of age, whereas the former was present at both periods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Prenatal exposure to a cannabinoid agonist produces memory deficits linked to dysfunction in hippocampal long-term potentiation and glutamate release

Mereu

Fà

Ferraro

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

187

153

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To investigate the possible long-term consequences of gestational exposure to cannabinoids on cognitive functions, pregnant rats were administered with the CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN), at a dose (0.5 mg͞kg) that causes neither malformations nor overt signs of toxicity. Prenatal WIN exposure induced a disruption of memory retention in 40-and 80-day-old offspring subjected to a passive avoidance task. A hyperactive behavior at the ages of 12 and 40 days was also found. The memory impairment caused by the gestational exposure to WIN was correlated with alterations of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and glutamate release. LTP induced in CA3-CA1 synapses decayed faster in brain slices of rats born from WIN-treated dams, whereas posttetanic and shortterm potentiation were similar to the control group. In line with LTP shortening, in vivo microdialysis showed a significant decrease in basal and K ؉ -evoked extracellular glutamate levels in the hippocampus of juvenile and adult rats born from WIN-treated dams. A similar reduction in glutamate outflow was also observed in primary cell cultures of hippocampus obtained from pups born from mothers exposed to WIN. The decrease in hippocampal glutamate outflow appears to be the cause of LTP disruption, which in turn might underlie, at least in part, the long-lasting impairment of cognitive functions caused by the gestational exposure to this cannabinoid agonist. These findings could provide an explanation of cognitive alterations observed in children born from women who use marijuana during pregnancy. E ven though marijuana is the most widely used illegal drug among women at reproductive age, reports dealing with the effects of prenatal exposure to this substance of abuse on the length of gestation, fetal growth, and offspring behavior are still controversial (1-4). Confounding factors, such as possible impurities in the drug and concomitant tobacco smoking, may be responsible for inconsistencies in the results reported in studies to date (4, 5). It is likely that many of these conflicting results are due to methodological problems such as the measurement of neonatal outcomes and the context in which the research is conducted. More complex and less understood is the scenario concerning the possible long-term consequences of in utero exposure to cannabis derivatives on cognitive functions. In fact, data on this issue are sparse, and the identification of alterations in brain development and adult expression of cognitive and behavioral functions is far from definitive. These inconclusive results may depend on ethical, practical, and interpretative difficulties surrounding research with human subjects (4). In this regard, animal models provide a useful tool for examining the possible developmental and long-term effects of prenatal exposure to cannabinoids (CBs).Studies performed in adult rats have demonstrated the involvement of a specific CB receptor (CB1) highly expressed in many brain regions (6) in the reinforcing effects of CBs (7) and also in the disru...

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“…Esses prejuízos foram encontrados em estudos com modelo animal utilizando o labirinto aquático de Morris (Bedi, 1992;Campbell & Bedi, 1989;Castro & Rudy, 1987;Cordoba et al, 1994;Goodlett et al, 1986;Jordan et al, 1982;Tonkiss et al, 1994), o labirinto radial (Hall, 1983;Jordan et al, 1981;Simonson & Chow, 1970;Wolf et al, 1986), o labirinto de Hebb-Williams (Celedon & Colombo, 1979) e o labirinto em T (Almeida et al, 1996d;Tonkiss & Galler, 1990).…”

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Efeitos da desnutrição proteica na percepção de contraste e acuidade visual em humanos e em ratos

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Behavioral effects of severe and moderate early malnutrition

Cited by 37 publications

References 13 publications

Executive Functions of Postweaning Protein Malnutrition in Mice

Executive Functions of Postweaning Protein Malnutrition in Mice

Prenatal exposure to a cannabinoid agonist produces memory deficits linked to dysfunction in hippocampal long-term potentiation and glutamate release

Efeitos da desnutrição proteica na percepção de contraste e acuidade visual em humanos e em ratos

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