Behavioral Investigation of Single Wall and Double Wall CNT Mixed Asphalt Adhesion Force Using Chemical Force Microscopy and Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract

Flexible pavement deterioration due to moisture intrusion and aging is the key concern worldwide for highway engineers. However, this damage has not been properly investigated in detail due to lack of appropriate experimental and modeling techniques. Such lacking hinders the design of long-lasting pavements, as the effects of environmental damages are unknown, especially for modified asphalt. Therefore, the current study aims at determining a better approach for modeling asphalt adhesion damage using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) test was deployed to determine the adhesion and cohesion forces of asphalt samples with varying contents of polymer and Antistripping Agents (ASAs). Two types of ANN models, namely multilayer perceptions (MLPs) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), were used in this effort. Two popular modifications, namely ensemble learning and hierarchical modeling, were also engaged to achieve convenient and accurate damage models. The analysis found that RBFNN was better suited for hierarchical models than MLP. RBFNN is preferred for aged and moisture-damaged samples which have less variation in their datasets. Hierarchical models are convenient to apply as they can be applied to any type of asphalt sample. However, they produced a small reduction in accuracy (less than 10%) as compared to other models. The accuracy of the hierarchical model was found to be satisfactory. The ensemble learning approach showed slight improvement in accuracy for all models ranging between 1–3%, i.e., 6–8 nN. This study recommends the use of hierarchical models, developed with ensemble learning, for prediction of asphalt damage. The results of the study will be helpful for researchers and practitioners working on pavement materials for developing prediction models to prepare a better mix design of polymer modified asphalt.