Behavioral Restraint and Symptoms of Attention Deficit Disorder in Alcoholics and Pathological Gamblers

Abstract

Adult alcoholics as well as pathological gamblers reported that, as children, they had higher than control levels of attention deficit disorder-related behaviors. On the other hand, alcoholics and only a subset of gamblers showed deficits in a test of behavioral restraint.

The Interaction of Co-Occurring Mental Disorders and Recovery Management Checkups on Substance Abuse Treatment Participation and Recovery

“…Other recent research, however, suggests that the Axis I to Axis II distinction is not necessarily the most useful breakdown for subclassifying the substance abuse treatment population, as many symptoms present in both conditions (e.g., mood fluctuations and impulsivity in bipolar affective disorder and BPD, difficulty managing anger and aggressive impulses in BPD and the Axis I intermittent explosive disorder; American Psychiatric Association 2000), and there is the lack of behavioral restraint characteristic of some forms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and some personality disorders (Carlton and Manowitz 1992 (in press) have recently established that although these externalizing disorders are indeed more common among adolescents than adults, they do present in a significant proportion of adult treatment participants and are strongly associated with the risk of substance dependence.…”

“…Other studies of the prevalence and impact of co-occurring mental disorders in the substance abuse treatment population have distinguished between Axis I and Axis II disorders (the latter focused on personality disorders) and have identified differential baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes (e.g., Cacciola et al 2001;Kranzler, Del Boca, and Rounsaville 1996; Lewis et al 1995, Schaar andOjehagen 2001). To summarize briefly, these studies generally show higher rates of polysubstance use and related problems, more criminal justice involvement, higher attrition rates from treatment, and poorer outcomes for those with Axis II disorders.Other recent research, however, suggests that the Axis I to Axis II distinction is not necessarily the most useful breakdown for subclassifying the substance abuse treatment population, as many symptoms present in both conditions (e.g., mood fluctuations and impulsivity in bipolar affective disorder and BPD, difficulty managing anger and aggressive impulses in BPD and the Axis I intermittent explosive disorder; American Psychiatric Association 2000), and there is the lack of behavioral restraint characteristic of some forms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and some personality disorders (Carlton and Manowitz 1992 (in press) have recently established that although these externalizing disorders are indeed more common among adolescents than adults, they do present in a significant proportion of adult treatment participants and are strongly associated with the risk of substance dependence.Severity of substance abuse and mental health comorbidity can be assessed in different ways (e.g., symptom expression and level of impairment on daily functioning). In the present study, we use the count of disorders across the broad internalizing and externalizing et al 2005).…”

A Revision of the Relationship between Gambling Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Parkinson´s Disease

“…Moreover, older studies by Carlton and collaborators also reported that subjects with gambling disorder have a higher level of add as children compared to controls (Carlton & Manowitz, 1992;Carlton et al, 1987). 2) On the other hand, some studies supported the tendency that fellows with adhd display a higher incidence of gambling disorder compared to non adhd subjects.…”

“…Specifically, one study showed that alcoholics and subjects with gambling disorder had a higher level of attention deficit disorder-related behaviors (as children) compared to control groups (Carlton & Manowitz, 1992). The second study by Carlton compared a group of subjects with a gambling disorder (n = 14) and controls (n = 16) by means of questionnaires concerning their childhood conducts (Carlton et al, 1987).…”

Using the Theory of Reasoned Action to examine the gambling behaviors of college athletes and other students.

“…They further state, use of coping mechanisms such as social diversion, anger, or blame often leads to stress exacerbation and, in theory, to gambling or other addictive behavior. In this regard, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in which hyperactivity-impulsivity is one major symptom (APA, 1994), has been found to be related to gambling (Carlton & Manowitz, 1992). Furthermore, the fact that impulse control disorders occur at a much higher rate among individuals with gambling pathology (35%) than controls (3%) suggests that impulsivity may predispose some persons to pathological gambling (Specker, Carlson, Christenson, & Marcotte, 1995).…”