Behavioral states and state-related heart rate and motor activity patterns in the newborn infant and the fetus ante partum

Junge, H. D.

doi:10.1016/0028-2243(80)90004-0

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Several other factors may also contribute to heart rate variation in the mid-and low frequency bands. Movement is associated with variation in heart rate in the fetus (20)(21)(22)(23) and the infant (22,24), as well as in adults (25). Respiratory pauses, which are common in infants (26), also cause changes in heart rate (27), as do sucking and crying behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

1989

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ABSTRACT. Development of heart rate variation in three frequency ranges was examined during sleep-waking states in normal infants over the first 6 mo of life. Extent of all three types of heart rate variation decreased from 1 wk to 1 mo of age. Extent of respiratory sinus arrhythmia increased from 1 mo to 6 mo during all sleep-waking states, with the increase most pronounced during quiet sleep. Variation in two bands of lower frequencies showed increases in extent from 1 to 3 mo, then a slowing or reversal of the increase between 3 and 4 mo of age. During rapid eye movement sleep, the two types of lower frequency heart rate variation decreased in extent from 3 through 6 mo of age. These results suggest that alterations in autonomic control of heart rate occur at several time periods over the first 6 mo of life and that these alterations may have an effect only on particular types of heart rate variation and only during particular sleep-waking states. The diminution of all three types of heart rate variation at 1 mo may indicate a reduction in vagal tone at this age. in infants: a high-frequency oscillation that is correlated with the respiratory cycle (RSA) (8-1 1) and lower frequency oscillations in a wide band of periods variously reported to range from 5 to 29 s (8-13). Radvanyi and Morel-Kahn (9) showed that the lower frequency variation is prominent in both QS and REM sleep before 37 wk gestational age. After 37 wk, RSA becomes the predominant type of heart rate variation in QS, and REM heart rate is characterized by RSA superimposed on lower frequency waves. Figure 1 shows heart rate variation during each sleepwaking state in one full-term infant at 2 mo postnatal age.Using spectral analytic techniques, Harper et al. (14) showed that RSA during QS decreases over the 1st mo of life and that RSA during all sleep-waking states increases from 1 to 6 mo of age. The maturational trends in the lower frequency variation identified in infants have yet to be examined. Characterization of the development of this variation in early life could provide clues to the maturation of the underlying processes in infants. In this study we use a time-domain technique to assess the maturational changes in RSA and lower frequency heart rate variation during each sleep-waking state in normal infants from 1 wk to 6 mo of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS QS, quiet skep REM, rapid eye movementPolygraphic recordings of EEG, ECG, electrooculogram, digastric electromyogram, and expired C 0 2 were obtained from 25 RSA, respiratory sinus arrhythmia normal infants. Each infant was recorded on six occasions: at 1 wk of age and at 1,2, 3,4, and 6 mo of age. Each recording was begun at 1900 h and terminated at 0700 h the next morning. The ECG signal was fed into a Schmitt trigger generator that In healthy mammals, heart rate is not fixed, but undergoes produced a pulse for each R wave. The resulting trigger event moment-to-moment variation; the changes in heart rate may be times were digitized along with the other signals. rapid or prolonged. One p...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

1989

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“…that in the mature fetus behavioral states comparable to those seen in the newborn infant, i.e. quiet sleep, active sleep and even some kind of wakefulness do exist (1). These states can be identified fairly well from heart rate and motor activity patterns.…”

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confidence: 82%

Behavioral states in the fetus near term

Junge¹,

Walter²

1981

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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On the basis of comparison and analogy it can be stated. that in the mature fetus behavioral states comparable to those seen in the newborn infant, i.e. quiet sleep, active sleep and even some kind of wakefulness do exist (1). These states can be identified fairly well from heart rate and motor activity patterns.According to evaluation of 8 hour recordinqs of FHR and fetal movements in the fetus one complete sleep cycle of quiet sleep plus active sleep lasts about 75 min, duration of one period of quiet sleep is 20 min and duration of one period of active sleep is nearly l hours.Results of Computer analysis of FHR macrofluctuation according to quantification methods developed by the author confirm state related differences of macroflucatuation pattern (2): Macrofluctuation amplitude for 1-min-segments of FHR is in the decile ränge from 3.0 to 7.6 BPM during quiet sleep and from 6.5 to 21.8 BPM during active sleep. Macrofluctuation frequency is in the decile ränge from 3.1 to 6.3 cycles per min during quiet sleep and from 2.1 to 4.9 cycles per min during active sleep.Motor activity of the fetus is unevenly distributed in respect to quiet and active sleep: in 54 % of all periods of quiet sleep no movements were feit by the mothers and in 80 % of all periods of quiet sleep the total number did not exceed 2 movements. Contrary to that in all periods of active sleep except l the total number exceeded 2 movements. On the whole 90 % of motor activity during sleep states occurs during active sleep. Because fetal movement are generally associated with accelerations these data refer to acceleration äs well.These data support the idea that spontaneous changes in centralnervous coordination or state behavior are the predominant causes for spontaneous and distinct changes in FHR and motor activity patterns in fetal wellbeing. In a subsequent investigation fetal ehest movement activity in respect to state behavior was evaluated. According to our results the influence of centralnervous coordination on ehest movement activity is inconsistent: Half of the periods of quiet sleep were without any ehest movements but in the other half ehest movement activity ranged from 10 to 60 % of state duration. Contrary to that in all periods of active sleep ehest movement activity was present, ranging from 5 to 45 % of state duration.From our results it is obvious that for ante partum surveillance of the fetus non stress cardiotocography, fetal heart rate acceleration determination, fetal movement count and evaluation of fetal ehest movement activity cannot be evaluated properly unless fetal state behävior is taken into account.

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“…Previous reports [6] claimed that the fetus is in a sleep state for the major part of the time and that REM sleep (state 2) prevails. Studies of premature infants [7] show that the incidence of REM sleep is the highest (80%) at 30 weeks and is reduced at 36 weeks (58%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parameters for the four behavioral states were based on the state criteria suggested by Nijhuis et al [2], with modifications that take into consideration the stud ies of Rosen et al [5] and Junge [6]. The existence of behavioral states was accepted when a stable combina tion of parameters had been proved to occur, not by chance, for a period of 3 min.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Fetal Behavioral State at Term

Weiner

Serr²,

Shalev³

1990

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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The present study was designed to test the existence of behavioral states in the fetus at term using simplified techniques. For this purpose simultaneous recording of the fetal heart activity by means of phonocardiotocography and of fetal body movements by means of real-time ultrasound was performed by using a multichannel recorded. The fetal heart activity was analyzed for two parameters: (1) long-term variability and (2) baseline accelerations. The fetal body movements were classified into three types. 880 min of recording time from 50 fetuses at 37–41 weeks of gestation were analyzed. Each segment of 1 and 3 min was classified into four distinct states, according to the combination of the above parameters. The segments that failed to fit into one of these states were labeled as ‘no state’. The frequency of each parameter was also independently calculated. The results were statistically analyzed by using a computer. The significance of the difference between the observed frequencies of the various states and their expected frequencies (obtained by the frequencies of the individual parameters) was calculated by the Χ² test. Behavioral states of a duration of 3 min were observed in 45.6% of the total periods recorded which is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the 4.1% expected.

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Behavioral states and state-related heart rate and motor activity patterns in the newborn infant and the fetus ante partum

Cited by 32 publications

References 9 publications

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

Development of Heart Rate Variation Over the First 6 Months of Life in Normal Infants

Behavioral states in the fetus near term

Human Fetal Behavioral State at Term

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