Behavioral teratologic effects of prenatal exposure to continuous‐wave ultrasound in unanesthetized rats

Cv, Vorhees; Kd, Acuff-Smith; Ma, Schilling; Je, Fisher; Ra, Meyer; Nb, Smith; Ds, Ellis; Wd, O'Brien

doi:10.1002/tera.1420500309

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…85 Similarly, reflex activity and behavior in offspring of rats continuously exposed to high-intensity (20 -30 W/cm 2 ) ultrasound were normal except for a small increase in aggregate of errors of commission in the Cincinnati water maze (a neuropsychiatric test for learning behavior). 86 Alterations in adult negative geotaxis and reflex suspension were also observed with exposure to ultrasound. 87 Despite these collective findings, another study found no statistically significant alterations in postnatal behavior or delays in acquisition of reflexes after prenatal ultrasound exposure (less than 1,500 W/cm 2 ).…”

Section: Fetal Effects Of Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 89%

Potential Adverse Ultrasound-related Biological Effects

2011

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Ultrasound energy exerts important cellular, genetic, thermal, and mechanical effects. Concern about the safety of ultrasound prompted several agencies to devise regulatory limits on the machine output intensities. The visual display of thermal and mechanical indices during ultrasound imaging provides an aid to limit the output of the machine. Despite many animal studies, no human investigations conducted to date have documented major physiologic consequences of ultrasound exposed during imaging. To date, ultrasound imaging appears to be safe for use in regional anesthesia and pain medicine interventions, and adherence to limiting the output of ultrasound machines as outlined by the Food and Drug Administration may avoid complications in the future. This article reviews ultrasound-related biologic effects, the role of the regulatory agencies in ensuring safety with the use of ultrasound, and the limitations and implications of ultrasound use in humans. P IERRE Curie's discovery of the piezoelectric effect in 1880 launched the ultrasound technology revolution. This technology was first applied in ships for depth detection and in metallurgy for fracture identification, but medical applications were soon appreciated shortly thereafter.1 Medical ultrasound imaging has been used extensively for more than five decades, and the variety of uses for which this technology is used expanded rapidly. For example, the use of ultrasound for interventions during regional anesthesia and pain medicine allows the practitioner to reliably see the target, needle, and injectate with good resolution. 2 The primary advantages of ultrasound in these settings include real-time assessment, absence of radiation, decreased cost, and portability.2

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Section: Fetal Effects Of Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 89%

Potential Adverse Ultrasound-related Biological Effects

2011

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“…We used the system to test for teratogenic effects of continuous (Vorhees et al, 1991b) or pulsed ultrasound (Fisher et al, 1993) and in both cases found no teratogenicity in the CWM under standard lighting. We next used the same system to evaluate the neurobehavioral effects of prenatal continuous or pulsed wave ultrasound and again found no effects in the CWM under standard room lighting (Vorhees et al, 1994c; Fisher et al, 1996). …”

Section: Assessing Navigation In Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cincinnati water maze: A review of the development, methods, and evidence as a test of egocentric learning and memory

Vorhees¹,

Williams²

2016

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Advantageous maneuvering through the environment to find food and avoid or escape danger is central to survival of most animal species. The ability to do so depends on learning and remembering different locations, especially home-base. This capacity is encoded in the brain by two systems: one using cues outside the organism (distal cues), allocentric navigation, and one using self-movement, internal cues (proximal cues), for egocentric navigation. Whereas allocentric navigation involves the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and surrounding structures, egocentric navigation involves the dorsal striatum and connected structures; in humans this system encodes routes and integrated paths and when over-learned, becomes procedural memory. Allocentric assessment methods have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. The purpose of this paper is to review one specific method for assessing egocentric, route-based navigation in rats: the Cincinnati Water Maze (CWM). The test is an asymmetric multiple-T maze arranged in such a way that rats must learn to find path openings along walls rather at ends in order to reach the goal. Failing to do this leads to cul-de-sacs and repeated errors. The task may be learned in the light or dark, but in the dark, wherein distal cues are eliminated, provides the best assessment of egocentric navigation. When used in conjunction with tests of other types of learning, such as allocentric navigation, the CWM provides a balanced approach to assessing the two major forms of navigational learning and memory found in mammals.

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“…al. (40) also exposed rats to these levels of ultrasound daily for 10 min on gestational Day 4-20. Although they did not observe exposure-related alterations in maternal parameters, offspring survival and growth, or neonatal psychophysiologic parameters, changes did occur in offspring adult behavior in locomotor activity and in two measures of the multiple-T water maze test performance at the highest dosage level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure on Adult Offspring Behavior in the Wistar Rat

Jensh

Lewin

Poczobutt

et al. 1995

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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An ultrasound exposure tank was specifically designed for experimental bioeffects studies. Thirty-six pregnant rats were anesthetized, immersed to the axilla in a water tank, and exposed on Day 15, 17, and 19 of gestation. Twelve rats were exposed to 5.0 MHz pulsed ultrasound of effective pulse duration equal to approximately 0.170 microseconds, pulse repetition rate (PRF) 1 kHz, and a spatial peak, temporal peak intensity (lsptp) of 500 W/cm2, representing a clinically appropriate exposure level. The spatial peak pulse average (lsppa), spatial peak temporal average (lspta), and instantaneous maximum (lm) intensities were determined to be 100 W/cm2, 24 mW/cm2, and 230 W/cm2, respectively. The maximum rarefraction pressure, pr, was measured as 12.5 x 10(5) Pa, and the total power was 2.5 mW. Twelve other rats were exposed to 1500 W/cm2, lsptp, and 12 were sham insonified. Since the focal area was about 0.05 cm2, computer controlled stepper motors moved the rats through the ultrasound field to ensure uniform exposure of the abdominal/pelvic region. Total exposure time was 35 min. A miniature thermocouple was implanted in a few rats to verify that no significant temperature increase took place due to exposure. A total of 278 offspring were maintained until postnatal Day 60 when they were subjected to two of four behavioral tests in random order within sexes. The results indicate no consistently observed dose-related alterations in adult behavior due to prenatal fetal exposure to 5.0 MHz ultrasound below an intensity (lsptp) of 1500 W/cm2.

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Behavioral teratologic effects of prenatal exposure to continuous‐wave ultrasound in unanesthetized rats

Cited by 23 publications

References 42 publications

Potential Adverse Ultrasound-related Biological Effects

Potential Adverse Ultrasound-related Biological Effects

Cincinnati water maze: A review of the development, methods, and evidence as a test of egocentric learning and memory

Effects of Prenatal Ultrasound Exposure on Adult Offspring Behavior in the Wistar Rat

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