Behaviour and a functional xanthophyll cycle enhance photo-regulation mechanisms in the solar-powered sea slug Elysia timida (Risso, 1818)

Jesus, Bruno; Ventura, Patrícia; Calado, Gonçalo

doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2010.08.021

Cited by 43 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…oxygen evolution by microelectrodes (Rink et al, 1998;Geslin et al, 2011) or 14 C radiotracer (Lopez, 1979). Recently, pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry has been used extensively in the study of kleptoplastic sacoglossans (Vieira et al, 2009;Costa et al, 2012;Jesus et al, 2010;Serodio et al, 2010;Curtis et al, 2013;Ventura et al, 2013). This non-invasive technique has the advantage of estimating relative electron transport rates (rETR) using rapid light curves (RLC) and photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum efficiencies (Fv/Fm) very quickly and without incubation periods.…”

Section: T Jauffrais Et Al: Effect Of Light On Photosynthetic Efficmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (Haynesina germanica and Ammonia tepida)

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Some benthic foraminifera have the ability to incorporate functional chloroplasts from diatoms (kleptoplasty). Our objective was to investigate chloroplast functionality of two benthic foraminifera (Haynesina germanica and Ammonia tepida) exposed to different irradiance levels (0, 25, 70 µmol photon m −2 s −1 ) using spectral reflectance, epifluorescence observations, oxygen evolution and pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry (maximum photosystem II quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and rapid light curves (RLC)). Our results clearly showed that H. germanica was capable of using its kleptoplasts for more than 1 week while A. tepida showed very limited kleptoplastic ability with maximum photosystem II quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm = 0.4), much lower than H. germanica and decreasing to zero in only 1 day. Only H. germanica showed net oxygen production with a compensation point at 24 µmol photon m −2 s −1 and a production up to 1000 pmol O 2 cell −1 day −1 at 300 µmol photon m −2 s −1 . Haynesina germanica Fv/Fm slowly decreased from 0.65 to 0.55 in 7 days when kept in darkness; however, it quickly decreased to 0.2 under high light. Kleptoplast functional time was thus estimated between 11 and 21 days in darkness and between 7 and 8 days at high light. These results emphasize that studies about foraminifera kleptoplasty must take into account light history. Additionally, this study showed that the kleptoplasts are unlikely to be completely functional, thus requiring continuous chloroplast resupply from foraminifera food source. The advantages of keeping functional chloroplasts are discussed but more information is needed to better understand foraminifera feeding strategies.

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Section: T Jauffrais Et Al: Effect Of Light On Photosynthetic Efficmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter parameter has been shown to be a good parameter to estimate PSII functionality (e.g. Vieira et al, 2009;Jesus et al, 2010;Serodio et al, 2010;Costa et al, 2012;Curtis et al, 2013;Ventura et al, 2013).…”

Section: T Jauffrais Et Al: Effect Of Light On Photosynthetic Efficmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (Haynesina germanica and Ammonia tepida)

et al. 2016

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“…Alternatively, stress might be minimised by the behaviour of hosts. For example, the sea slug Elysia timida avoids bright light sources and contracts under high photosynthetic flux, shading its kleptoplasts (Jesus et al, 2010;Schmitt and Waegele, 2011). These processes might allow host lineages to minimise oxidative stress, ultimately extending symbiont lifespan.…”

Section: How To Avoid Immediate Destruction?mentioning

confidence: 99%

What makes a chloroplast? Reconstructing the establishment of photosynthetic symbioses

Dorrell¹,

Howe²

2012

Journal of Cell Science

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SummaryEarth is populated by an extraordinary diversity of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Many eukaryotic lineages contain chloroplasts, obtained through the endosymbiosis of a wide range of photosynthetic prokaryotes or eukaryotes, and a wide variety of otherwise nonphotosynthetic species form transient associations with photosynthetic symbionts. Chloroplast lineages are likely to be derived from preexisting transient symbioses, but it is as yet poorly understood what steps are required for the establishment of permanent chloroplasts from photosynthetic symbionts. In the past decade, several species that contain relatively recently acquired chloroplasts, such as the rhizarian Paulinella chromatophora, and non-photosynthetic taxa that maintain photosynthetic symbionts, such as the sacoglossan sea slug Elysia, the ciliate Myrionecta rubra and the dinoflagellate Dinophysis, have emerged as potential model organisms in the study of chloroplast establishment. In this Commentary, we compare recent molecular insights into the maintenance of chloroplasts and photosynthetic symbionts from these lineages, and others that might represent the early stages of chloroplast establishment. We emphasise the importance in the establishment of chloroplasts of gene transfer events that minimise oxidative stress acting on the symbiont. We conclude by assessing whether chloroplast establishment is facilitated in some lineages by a mosaic of genes, derived from multiple symbiotic associations, encoded in the host nucleus.

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“…About 2,000 proteins are needed to support photosynthesis in algae and plants, but only a fraction is encoded in the genome of plastids (Timmis et al, 2004) and none of the relevant genes were found in the slugs' genomes investigated so far (Wägele et al, 2011;Bhattacharya et al, 2013;de Vries et al, 2015;Han et al, 2015). This led to the search for alternative factors that enable kleptoplast longevity, and plastid photoprotection mechanisms came into focus (Jesus et al, 2010;Cruz et al, 2015). Photoprotection mechanisms are essential for balancing the absorption and use of light to fuel photosynthesis and the dissipation of absorbed light that is harmful (Chow and Aro, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoprotective Non-photochemical Quenching Does Not Prevent Kleptoplasts From Net Photoinactivation

et al. 2018

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The enigmatic association of photosynthetically active chloroplasts from algae and some sacoglossan sea slugs, called functional kleptoplasty, is a functional unique system of photosymbioses observed in metazoans. Besides the specific adaptations of the slugs necessary to incorporate and maintain the plastids, the organelles need to ensure optimal photosynthesis. Photoprotective mechanisms in the plastids, namely the xanthophyll cycle (XC) and the high-energy dependent quenching (q E ) part of the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and the repair of the D1 protein of Photosystem II (PSII) are considered crucial for kleptoplast longevity in the slugs. Here, we studied the sea slugs Elysia viridis fed with the naturally occurring XC and q E -deficient Bryopsis hypnoides, and E. timida fed on Acetabularia acetabulum, an alga that possesses both mechanisms. The aim of the study was to understand (i) whether q E remains active after ingestion of kleptoplasts by E. timida, (ii) how different light intensities affect the photosynthetic activity of kleptoplasts with and without photoprotection mechanisms, and (iii) if the kleptoplasts are able to repair photodamaged D1 protein. With regard to NPQ, freshly incorporated kleptoplasts responded to different light stress in the same manner as the chloroplasts in their native host algae. Even after 3 weeks of incorporation the q E part of NPQ was present in the kleptoplasts of E. timida. However, the presence of the q E component of NPQ did not prevent the kleptoplasts from significant PSII photoinactivation under high light intensities. This is probably due to the fact that the kleptoplasts have a reduced PSII repair capacity, despite plastid encoded repair mechanisms in every sacoglossan food source. Hence, photoprotective mechanisms are probably not a key factor explaining kleptoplast longevity in Sacoglossa sea slugs.

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Behaviour and a functional xanthophyll cycle enhance photo-regulation mechanisms in the solar-powered sea slug Elysia timida (Risso, 1818)

Cited by 43 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (<i>Haynesina germanica</i> and <i>Ammonia tepida</i>)

Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (<i>Haynesina germanica</i> and <i>Ammonia tepida</i>)

What makes a chloroplast? Reconstructing the establishment of photosynthetic symbioses

Photoprotective Non-photochemical Quenching Does Not Prevent Kleptoplasts From Net Photoinactivation

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Behaviour and a functional xanthophyll cycle enhance photo-regulation mechanisms in the solar-powered sea slug Elysia timida (Risso, 1818)

Cited by 43 publications

References 38 publications

Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (&lt;i&gt;Haynesina germanica&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Ammonia tepida&lt;/i&gt;)

Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (&lt;i&gt;Haynesina germanica&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Ammonia tepida&lt;/i&gt;)

What makes a chloroplast? Reconstructing the establishment of photosynthetic symbioses

Photoprotective Non-photochemical Quenching Does Not Prevent Kleptoplasts From Net Photoinactivation

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Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (<i>Haynesina germanica</i> and <i>Ammonia tepida</i>)

Effect of light on photosynthetic efficiency of sequestered chloroplasts in intertidal benthic foraminifera (<i>Haynesina germanica</i> and <i>Ammonia tepida</i>)