Behaviour and design of hybrid RC beam-to-steel column connections

Axial and bending behaviour of steel tubes infilled with rubberised concrete

“…It could be seen that an overall good agreement was achieved between the tests and simulations, including for the stiffness and capacity. The standard deviation of the ultimate capacities is within 6% which is reasonable for this type of models [38]. Failure patterns observed in tests and modes for specimens under different loading cases are shown in Fig.…”

“…Furthermore, the normal behaviour was defined as ''hard contact'' allowing for separation after contact, and the tangential behaviour was defined as the ''penalty'' algorithm with a friction coefficient. The friction coefficient was considered first within a range of 0.2-0.8 based on existing literature [38,39], then taken as 0.5 based on a sensitivity analysis. As the main objective is to obtain stiffnesses and strengths of various configurations, for the parametric investigations, the surfaceto-surface contact was replaced by a tie.…”

“…(2) for axial compression, the common definition of compression damage 𝑑 c = 1 − 𝑓 c ∕𝑓 cu is considered [38,39], having maximum values around 0.7-0.8 due to the residual strength; (3) for eccentric compression, to consider concrete crushing at the buckling region, a linear damage towards crushing strain (the compression damage factor 𝑑 c reaches values close to 1.0) is suggested. For case (3), the crushing strain is suggested considered as 𝜀 rc = (90 − 1.6f rc )𝜀 c0 for 𝑓 rc ≤ 30 MPa.…”

Structural response of hybrid timber ‐ cold formed steel floors

“…An initial geometric imperfection with a scale of 0.1t was inserted based on the most representative case. A general static solver was used for the analysis step due to the high nonlinearity caused by material properties, contact, and use of fasteners [15], and a 15 mm mesh was assigned to all elements after a mesh sensitivity study was performed.…”