Behaviour Management in the Classroom

Toward the Role of Language Teacher Confirmation and Stroke in EFL/ESL Students’ Motivation and Academic Engagement: A Theoretical Review

“…As put forward by Stewart and Joines (1987) , TA is “a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change” (p. 4). Newell and Jeffery (2002) categorized TA into six components of “strokes,” “time structures,” “ego states,” “life positions,” “life scenario,” and “transactions.” Regarding the significance of stroke, the first component of TA, Berne et al (2011) stated that stroke is a crucial element in improving our life quality. Individuals employ a variety of strategies to give and accept a stroke.…”

Functional Ego States, Behavior Patterns, and Social Interaction of Bulgarian Adolescents and Their Parents

“…The purpose of the present study was to examine functional ego states, life position, and stroke economy, and to disclose patterns of social interaction in adolescents and their parents. Several authors presenting cases from clinical practice indicate the presence of a connection between negative coping strategies, psychological problems, emotional suffering and highly manifested Normative Parent and Adapted Child, as well as the life position "I am not OK" [17,28,49]. At the same time, closeness and good relationships in the family are supported by the giving of positive signs of recognition and lack of stroke economy [26,28].…”

“…Several authors presenting cases from clinical practice indicate the presence of a connection between negative coping strategies, psychological problems, emotional suffering and highly manifested Normative Parent and Adapted Child, as well as the life position "I am not OK" [17,28,49]. At the same time, closeness and good relationships in the family are supported by the giving of positive signs of recognition and lack of stroke economy [26,28]. According to previous studies, parents' behaviors may help adolescents to become more mature in their behavior and have effective communication, but adolescents' responsible actions also affect the degree to which parents continue to grant increasing independence, as appropriate [6].…”

“…Our previous studies of the ego states and life positions of adults and adolescents in Bulgarian conditions show that the ego states Nurturing Parent, Adult and Natural Child and the life position "I am OK-you are OK" are the leading ones in both groups studied [43,44]. These results give us reason to assume that there is a stable structure of ego states and life positions as personality characteristics in adolescence [1,9,19,28]. From this point of view, it is important to examine the presented personal characteristics, as well as the stroke economy as a model of interaction between adolescents and their parents.…”

“…Higher expression of stroke economy in relationships is associated with displaying non-assertive and passive behaviors, while lower use of them in communication is a prerequisite for displaying assertive behaviors. Assertive behavior is assumed to involve the free giving and receiving of positive and negative strokes, whereas passive or non-assertive behavior involves the devaluation of one's own needs and over-adaptation to the environment [28].…”