Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment—I. Occurrence and transformation in sewage treatment

Ahel, Marijan

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)90200-3

Cited by 701 publications

(436 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…However, industrial NPE usage still exceeds 400 tons per year in Switzerland (19). The current use leads to a total NPE amount of 240 t treated yearly in Swiss sewage treatment plants, of which approximately 45% (i.e., 108 t/y) are still found in the secondary effluents (60%) and digested sewage (40%) (20). A detailed derivation of the yearly releases of the different NPE components in secondary effluents of Swiss sewage treatment plants is given in the Supporting Information (Section C).…”

Section: Case Study: Nonylphenol Ethoxylatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Including Transformation Products into the Risk Assessment for Chemicals: The Case of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Usage in Switzerland

Fenner

Kooijman

Scheringer

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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A method for applying the risk assessment approach using ratios of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) and predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) to mixtures of parent compounds and their environmental transformation products is presented. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPnEOs) and a selection of their most relevant transformation products are investigated as a case study illustrating the method. The PEC values of NPnEO and its transformation products are calculated with a regional multimedia fate model including the transformation kinetics of the NPnEO degradation cascade. PNEC values are derived from a selection of toxicity data on NPnEO and its transformation products. The toxicity of the emerging mixture of NPnEO and its transformation products is then estimated under the assumption of concentration addition (similar mode of action). On this basis, PEC-to-PNEC ratios for the aquatic environment and the sediment are calculated for the individual components of the mixture and the mixture itself. For this purpose, average release rates of NPnEO and its transformation products from Swiss sewage treatment plants were used. While the PEC values of the individual components do not exceed the corresponding PNEC values, the risk quotient of the mixture in water is greater than 1. In sediment, the mixture does not exceed a risk quotient of 1. A combination of sensitivity and scenario analyses is employed to identify the upper and lower bounds of the results.

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Section: Case Study: Nonylphenol Ethoxylatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Including Transformation Products into the Risk Assessment for Chemicals: The Case of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Usage in Switzerland

Fenner

Kooijman

Scheringer

et al. 2002

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The concentrations of NP within the aquatic environment vary. They have been found to ranged from <0.2 to 12 lg/l in polluted British river waters (Blackburn and Waldock, 1995), and <0.3-45 lg/l in the Swiss river Glatt (Ahel et al, 1994). Several studies have been performed to evaluate the potential risk of NP exposure on the endocrine system, which include induction of the female specific egg yolk precursor vitellogenin in male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Jobling et al, 1996), development of testis-ova in medaka (Oryzias latipes), increasing of the ovosomatic index in medaka (Gray and Metcalfe, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histological alternation and vitellogenin induction in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after exposure to ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol

Zha¹,

Wang²,

Wang³

et al. 2007

Chemosphere

156

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Adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 0, 1, 5, and 25 ng/l (nominal concentrations) of 17a-ethynylestradiol (EE 2 ) and 3, 10, and 30 lg/l (nominal concentrations) of 4-nonylphenol (NP) under flow-through conditions for a period of 28 d. Low mortality was observed at 5 and 25 ng/l EE 2 and the growth of fish reduced significantly at 25 ng/l EE 2 compared to controls. However, the gonadosomatic indices (GSI) of male fish were significantly higher in 1 ng/l EE 2 treatments and in 10 and 30 lg/l NP treatments (p < 0.05). Renal somatic indices (RSI) of male fish in EE 2 treatments were significantly higher than those in controls (p < 0.05). In contrast, significantly decreased GSI and RSI of female fish could only be observed in 5 and 25 ng/l EE 2 treatments (p < 0.05). Hepatosomatic indices (HSI) of male fish were significantly higher in 25 ng/l EE 2 treatments. However, significantly increased of HSI of female fish could only be observed in 1 ng/l EE 2 treatments. Plasma vitellogenin (VTG) induction could be observed in males after exposed to different concentrations of EE 2 and NP, and plasma VTG concentrations in females exposed to 5 and 25 ng/l EE 2 were also significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). At level higher than 5 ng/l EE 2 or 30 lg/l NP, hepatic tissue and renal tissue impairment of males could be observed. The pathological male liver was associated with a hypertrophy of hepatocytes and damages to cellar structure and accumulated eosinophilic material. Renal tissue showed different pathological effects which was reflected by accumulated eosinophilic material, hemorrhages within the kidney tubules and hypertrophy of the tubular epithelia. Also at these levels of exposure, feminization of male fish could be noticed and parts of males manifested the testis-ova phenomenon. Ovaries of female rare minnow in 25 ng/l EE 2 treatment group were degenerated. Therefore when exposed to EE 2 and NP even at environmental observed concentrations, adverse effects could occur in the reproductive system of adult fishes. The observed hepatic tissue and renal tissue impairment should be due to the induction and accumulation of VTG in organs, especially in males.

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“…Nonylphenol (NP) is a degradation product of the nonylphenol ethoxylates, which constitute approximately 80% of the alkylphenol ethoxylates (Talmage, 1994;Knepper and Berna, 2003). Research has identified NP as the most critical metabolite of APEs because of its resistance to biodegradation, its ability to bioaccumulate, its toxicity, and its presence/abundance in some food products, cosmetics, and drinking water (Clark et al, 1992;Ahel et al, 1994;Tyler et al, 1998;Fernandes et al, 2003;Loyo-Rosales et al, 2004). Over 1 billion pounds of nonylphenol ethoxylates are produced annually, making them one of the most commonly found toxicants in the United States and Europe (Talmage, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-specific induction of cytochrome P450s in nonylphenol-treated FVB/NJ mice

Hernández

Chapman

Kretschmer

et al. 2006

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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Nonylphenol (NP) is a breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, which are used in a variety of industrial, agricultural, household cleaning, and beauty products. NP is one of the most commonly found toxicants in the United States and Europe and is considered a toxicant of concern because of its long half-life. NP is an environmental estrogen that also activates the pregnane X-receptor (PXR) and in turn induces P450s. No study to date has examined the gender-specific effects of NP on hepatic P450 expression. We provided NP at 0, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day for 7 days to male and female FVB/NJ mice and compared their P450 expression profiles. Q-PCR was performed on hepatic cDNA using primers to several CYP isoforms regulated by PXR or its relative, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). In female mice, NP induced Cyp2b10 and Cyp2b13, and downregulated the female-specific P450s, Cyp3a41 and Cyp3a44. In contrast, male mice treated with NP showed increased expression of Cyp2a4, Cyp2b9, and Cyp2b10. Western blots confirmed induction of Cyp2b subfamily members in both males and females. Consistent with the Q-PCR data, Western blots showed dose-dependent downregulation of Cyp3a only in females and induction of Cyp2a only in males. The overall increase in female-predominant P450s in males (Cyp2a4, 2b9) and the decrease in female-predominant P450s in females (Cyp3a41, 3a44) suggest that NP is in part feminizing the P450 profile in males and masculinizing the P450 profile in females. Testosterone hydroxylation was also altered in a genderspecific manner, as testosterone 16α-hydroxylase activity was only induced in NP-treated males. In contrast, NP-treated females demonstrated a greater propensity for metabolizing zoxazolamine probably due to greater Cyp2b induction in females. In conclusion, NP causes gender-specific P450 induction and therefore exposure to NP may cause distinct pharmacological and toxicological effects in males compared to females.

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Behaviour of alkylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in the aquatic environment—I. Occurrence and transformation in sewage treatment

Cited by 701 publications

References 18 publications

Including Transformation Products into the Risk Assessment for Chemicals: The Case of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Usage in Switzerland

Including Transformation Products into the Risk Assessment for Chemicals: The Case of Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Usage in Switzerland

Histological alternation and vitellogenin induction in adult rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) after exposure to ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol

Gender-specific induction of cytochrome P450s in nonylphenol-treated FVB/NJ mice

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