Behaviour of Impurities during Electron Beam Melting of Copper Technogenic Material

Abstract

The current study presents the electron beam melting (EBM) efficiency of copper technogenic material with high impurity content (Se, Te, Pb, Bi, Sn, As, Sb, Zn, Ni, Ag, etc.) by means of thermodynamic analysis and experimental tests. On the basis of the calculated values of Gibbs free energy and the physical state of the impurity (liquid and gaseous), a thermodynamic assessment of the possible chemical interactions occurring in the Cu-Cu2O-Mex system in vacuum in the temperature range 1460–1800 K was made. The impact of the kinetic parameters (temperature and refining time) on the behaviour and the degree of removal of impurities was evaluated. Chemical and metallographic analysis of the obtained ingots is also discussed.

Study of double electron beam refining at melting of hafnium metal sponge

“…of electron beam technologies and using EB melting equipment ELIT 60 (e-beam power of 60 kW). The electron optical system of this installation consists of one electron gun (accelerating voltage of 24 kV), a water-cooled cylindrical crucible, a feeding mechanism, and an extraction system [12]. The operation vacuum pressure in the chamber was 3-6×10 −3 Pa and each metal sample was placed on the crucible.…”

“…Electron beam melting (EBM) method is a useful and effective vacuum method for refining of different metal materials -metals, alloys, technogenic materials recycling, including high-temperature metals and their alloys [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The method allows for the impurities' removal (metals, non-metals, gases) and ensures the manufacturing of pure metals and special alloys due to the combination of the advantages concerning both vacuum and special electrometallurgy.…”

Recycling of Technogenic CoCrMo Alloy by Electron Beam Melting

“…ELIT-60 is equipped with a melting chamber and one electron gun with an accelerating voltage of 24 kV. The refined metal material solidifies in a water-cooled copper crucible with moving bottom [18,22] and the operation vacuum pressure is 1 × 10 −3 Pa.…”

“…The electron beam melting (EBM) method, which combines the advantages of vacuum and high-energy special electrometallurgy, deserves special attention [18][19][20]. The method allows for the removal of components and ensures the production of pure metals and alloys in the processing of technogenic materials [21][22][23][24].…”