Behavioural ecology of Australian gall thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera)

Crespi, B.J.

doi:10.1080/00222939200770481

Cited by 57 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…All domicile builders produce their brood within the confines of the domicile and the founders often survive to produce more offspring once the first cohort has become adult. Other behavioural traits found within this suite are coordinated group foraging and co-founding of colonies (Crespi, 1992a;Crespi and Mound, 1997;Morris et al, 2002). (iii) The parasitic thrips include two broad categories of host utilisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(iii) The parasitic thrips include two broad categories of host utilisation. Some species can live as inquilines or commensals in the domiciles of their hosts with little or no apparent harm to the hosts Mound and Morris, 2000), whereas others invade domiciles or galls and either eject or kill the original occupants (Crespi, 1992a). Unfortunately, the species in this suite are infrequently collected and thus there is very little behavioural information to reliably distinguish between the two groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetics of Australian Acacia thrips: the evolution of behaviour and ecology

Morris

Schwarz

Cooper

et al. 2002

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetics of Australian Acacia thrips: the evolution of behaviour and ecology

Morris

Schwarz

Cooper

et al. 2002

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

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“…The foundress usually lives long enough to overlap with the adult soldiers, and she usually dies some time before the next group of individuals, the dispersive macropterae, reach the adult stage. Two lifehistory observations indicate that relatedness of individuals within a gall may be high: (i) multiple founding by females, which would reduce relatedness among brood, is not observed for any of the gall-inducing species on Acacia (3, 4), and (ii) sex ratios of dispersing brood are markedly female-biased (3,9), which suggests the presence of strong local mate competition and inbreeding.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

High relatedness and inbreeding at the origin of eusociality in gall-inducing thrips

Chapman

Crespi

Kranz

et al. 2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A ustralian gall-inducing thrips gain food and shelter, in the form of a gall, from species of Acacia trees (1-6). The gall is formed as a female feeds on a developing phyllode (a petiole modified to serve as a stem and leaf) that encapsulates her and in some cases a male (4, 6). The foundress oviposits within the gall, and the developing thrips feed by sucking out the contents of plant cells on the gall's inner wall (1). In eusocial species, the first cohort to eclose are gall-bound soldiers, which are distinguished by robust forelimbs, reduced or absent wings, and self-sacrificing behavior exhibited in defense of the gall to the benefit of dispersing sisters and brothers (2, 4, 7). However, in at least one species, Kladothrips hamiltoni, it is suspected that soldiers could also be defending a few of their own offspring, as well as nieces and nephews, because soldiers are suspected of at least some egg laying within their natal gall (8). The foundress usually lives long enough to overlap with the adult soldiers, and she usually dies some time before the next group of individuals, the dispersive macropterae, reach the adult stage. Two lifehistory observations indicate that relatedness of individuals within a gall may be high: (i) multiple founding by females, which would reduce relatedness among brood, is not observed for any of the gall-inducing species on Acacia (3, 4), and (ii) sex ratios of dispersing brood are markedly female-biased (3, 9), which suggests the presence of strong local mate competition and inbreeding.We developed microsatellite markers (10) for species of gall-inducing thrips with soldiers and used them to estimate genetic relatedness [refs. 11 and 12; RELATE 4.2c (http:// gsoft.smu.edu/GSoft.html) by K. R. Goodnight and D. C. Queller] and inbreeding in five of the species with soldiers ( Fig. 1; Table 1). In the four species for which multiple populations were sampled, the intraspecific similarity of relatedness and inbreeding estimates for populations that were up to 500 km apart indicates that these genetic parameters can be treated as speciesspecific values. These estimates of relatedness and inbreeding are among the highest ever recorded for social animals, and their magnitude is consistent with a high incidence of single-mating by foundresses, and brother-sister mating by both soldiers and dispersers (10). In addition, the strong relatedness asymmetries expected in outbred haplodiploid species (13) (e.g., a brood produced by a singly mated foundress is expected to exhibit relatedness among sisters of 0.75 whereas relatedness of sisters to brothers is expected to be 0.5) are not at a detectable level in the four species in which they can be estimated, as expected given their high levels of inbreeding (14). For example, from Table 1, K. hamiltoni population 3 exhibits among-sister relatedness of 0.85 and sister to brother relatedness of 0.82 (t ϭ 1.95, P Ͼ 0.05, n ϭ 12).Mapping of the relatedness and inbreeding estimates onto a phylogeny of Australian gall-inducing thrips on Acacia (15) i...

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“…Three species in the sister-group to the lineage with soldiers, K. rugosus, K. ellobus, and K. acaciae, and the social species K. harpophyllae, exhibit a substantial incidence (on the order of 50% of galls) of single male founders being present at gall initiation, a pattern evidently driven by male fighting and mate guarding (Crespi 1992b). This mating system might also lead to split sex ratios, if some foundresses inbreed before dispersal while others mate after dispersal with a non-relative.…”

Section: The Origin Of Soldiersmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A single female, called a foundress, in some species accompanied by a male, initiates the gall, and once completely interred she begins laying eggs (Crespi and Mound 1997). For 7 of the 23 described species of Australian gall-inducing thrips, the first individuals of the foundress' brood to eclose are gall-bound soldiers, which are morphologically and behaviorally specialized for defending the fully winged dispersing brood (Crespi 1992a(Crespi , 1992bPerry et al 2004). The galls formed by social thrips have been described as a 'factory fortress ' since they provide both food and shelter for all occupants in a harsh, xeric environment (Crespi 1994;Queller and Strassmann 1998;Chapman et al 2002; also see Chap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolutionary Ecology of Eusociality in Australian Gall Thrips: a ‘Model Clades’ Approach

Chapman

Crespi

Perry

2008

Ecology of Social Evolution

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We integrate phylogenetic information with data on genetic relatedness , inbreeding, sex ratio s, reproductive skew, host-plant use, gall morphology , soldier defensive behavior, kleptoparasite pressure, and demography to evaluate hypotheses for the origin and evolution of soldier caste s in Australian gall thrips . Necessary and sufficient conditions for the single origin of thrips soldiers appear to include high relatedness and inbreeding , strong kleptoparasite pressure, small brood size, and long duration of the gall. However, only brood size and gall duration apparently changed (becoming smaller) concomitant to the origin of soldiers. Reproductive skew between the foundress and soldiers was relatively low at the origin of soldiers, but increased substantially along the lineage leading to two species, Kladothrips habrus and K. intermedius, that also exhibit a relatively high propensity for defense by soldiers. Analysis of the associations between genetic and ecological traits that resulted from the social-adaptive radiation of gall thrips with soldiers indicated that (1) fewer matings by foundress es, and less mating after dispersal, result in stronger local mate competition , higher relatedness (and a higher inbreeding coefficient) among soldier females, and a stronger female bias in dispersers, and (2) gall size apparently constrains the reproduction of soldiers, with less soldier reproduction favoring the evolution of more-effective, more-altruistic soldiers; moreover, when soldiers are more effective, fewer of them need be produced, leading to higher production of dispersers. Soldiers were apparently lost in two lineages, in both cases in conjunction with a shift to a phylogenetically divergent species of Acacia host plant. Our analyses demonstrate that the evolution of soldiers in thrips is driven by a combination of selective pressures at three levels: from host-plant, to conspecific interactions, to kleptoparasites.

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Behavioural ecology of Australian gall thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera)

Cited by 57 publications

References 28 publications

Phylogenetics of Australian Acacia thrips: the evolution of behaviour and ecology

Phylogenetics of Australian Acacia thrips: the evolution of behaviour and ecology

High relatedness and inbreeding at the origin of eusociality in gall-inducing thrips

The Evolutionary Ecology of Eusociality in Australian Gall Thrips: a ‘Model Clades’ Approach

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