Behavioural effects of different intensities of formalin pain in rats

Aloisi, Anna Maria; Albonetti, Maria Emanuela; Carli, Giancarlo

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(95)00099-5

Cited by 43 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The current literature indicates that increasing formalin concentration, typically over a range of 0.5 to 5%, leads to a more intense and progressively longer lasting flinch response. Assessment of the intensity of several pain behaviors has shown that, as formalin concentration rises, the magnitude or incidence of the measured behaviors, blood pressure, or flinching increases (2,5,11,12,39,41). In the present studies, we observed a plateau effect such that the maximum was observed at 2.5%.…”

Section: Variables Influence the Formalin Responsesupporting

confidence: 55%

An automated flinch detecting system for use in the formalin nociceptive bioassay

Yaksh

Ozaki

McCumber

et al. 2001

Journal of Applied Physiology

131

115

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. An automated flinch detecting system for use in the formalin nociceptive bioassay. J Appl Physiol 90: [2386][2387][2388][2389][2390][2391][2392][2393][2394][2395][2396][2397][2398][2399][2400][2401][2402] 2001.-The biphasic display of pawflinch behavior in the rat after injection of formalin into the dorsum of the hind paw is used for the screening of antihyperalgesic agents. Described and characterized here is a less labor-intensive system for counting flinch activity by detecting movement of a small metal band placed on the formalin-injected paw. A signal is generated as the band breaks the electromagnetic field of a loop antenna located under the rat and processed through an algorithm that determines flinch activity using 1) amplitude, 2) zero-voltage crossing, and 3) signal duration. Flinches are summed and stored over a selected collection interval throughout the assay for later analysis. Studies have validated the measures with respect to 1) system stability over time; 2) system-to-"practiced observer" correlation on flinch detection, r 2 ϭ 0.94; 3) system variables including time of day, sex, age, and body weight; and 4) 50% effective dose values similar to those previously reported for intrathecal morphine and the NMDA antagonist MK-801. formalin test; spinal sensitization; pain models; flinching behavior THE ESCAPE RESPONSE OR AGITATION evoked by a transient, strong stimulus attests to there being a close relationship between stimulus intensity, peripheral afferent discharge, and magnitude of the pain state as defined by response latency and magnitude. There are situations, however, in which the magnitude of the response to pain may exceed what would normally be anticipated, given the magnitude of the physical stimulus and the afferent traffic generated by that stimulus (31,45,47). These situations are loosely considered as reflecting a state of hyperalgesia, possibly arising from sensitization of the peripheral terminal and/or a central facilitation.Several preclinical models have been developed that may reflect the significance played by such facilitation on behavior. The common characteristic found in these models is the injury that is induced and its causing of the sensory axon to produce a persistent discharge. A frequently used method of producing injury in the rat is the subcutaneous injection of a small volume of irritant such as formalin into its hind paw. Typically, after the formalin injection, the rat displays a biphasic (phase I and phase II) incidence of flinching (rapid paw shaking) and licking of the injected paw (18,42,43). The behavioral syndrome produced by the injection of formalin into the paw has been widely used to define the pharmacology of systems that regulate facilitated processing. The "formalin test" has evolved into a widely used tool in the screening of analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic drugs (45).An important limitation of this behavioral model is its labor-intensive nature regarding data collection and the time required to train observers in its reliable implementation. ...

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Section: Variables Influence the Formalin Responsesupporting

confidence: 55%

An automated flinch detecting system for use in the formalin nociceptive bioassay

Yaksh

Ozaki

McCumber

et al. 2001

Journal of Applied Physiology

131

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sometime the non-specific nociceptive responses including sleeping or resting, being still but alerting, walking, and grooming were also observed [17,38,39]. In the present study, the behavioral responses in both DA and DA.1U rats were consistent with the previous studies showing that formalin induced typical biphasic nociceptive behaviors, mainly lifting and licking [12,16,24,25,28,34,40,41]. As for the single behavior, the duration of favoring in DA rats was shorter than that in DA.1U rats, while the durations of lifting and licking in DA rats were longer than those in DA.1U rats.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

The major histocompatibility complex genes impact pain response in DA and DA.1U rats

Guo

Yao

Cao

et al. 2015

Physiology & Behavior

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“…There have been reports of formalin tests using various volumes and concentrations of formalin (10,11), which have varied from 20 to 150 L and from 0.02% to 15%, respectively (12). The behavior of experimental animals during the formalin test indicated that low-and high-intensity nociceptive stimuli could elicit different effects on the parameters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Concentrations of Formalin on Paw Edema and Pain Behaviors in Rats

Lee

Jeong

2002

J Korean Med Sci

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The aim of this study was to determine whether formalin reliably provokes a paw edema and pain behavior. The paw of male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 100 microliter of formalin with 2.5% (F2.5), 5% (F5), and 10% (F10) concentrations. Following the formalin (n=8) or saline (control, n=6) injection, the flinching or licking of the paw was recorded for the phase 1 response (0-5 min after injection) and phase 2 response (20-60 min). The formalin-induced paw edema was assessed by measuring the diameters of the injected paws at 4 hr after injection. As for flinching, phase 1 and 2 of all three groups showed higher frequency than those of the control group (p<0.05). As for licking, phase 1 cumulative time of the F2.5 and F10 groups, and phase 2 cumulative time of the F2.5 and F5 groups showed a longer duration than those in the control group (p<0.05). The diameters of the paw in the F10 group were significantly larger than those in the control group (p<0.05). Flinching behavior was more reliably expressed the biphasic response than licking response at all formalin concentrations. Peak of the licking was reached at 2.5% and that of flinching was reached at 5%, whereas the paw edema peaked at 10% concentration. This suggests that there may be some dissociation of nociception from the edema formation.

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Behavioural effects of different intensities of formalin pain in rats

Cited by 43 publications

References 36 publications

An automated flinch detecting system for use in the formalin nociceptive bioassay

An automated flinch detecting system for use in the formalin nociceptive bioassay

The major histocompatibility complex genes impact pain response in DA and DA.1U rats

Effects of Different Concentrations of Formalin on Paw Edema and Pain Behaviors in Rats

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