Behavioural effects of ovariohysterectomy and oral administration of meloxicam in laboratory housed rabbits

Leach, Matthew C.; Allweiler, Sandra; Richardson, Claire; Roughan, J. V.; Narbe, Ruediger; Flecknell, P. A.

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.02.001

Cited by 110 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The rabbits were part of a study aimed at developing a pain assessment scheme for rabbits 11 following routine ovariohysterectomy, so animals received either the placebo (vehicle) (n 2 8) or one of three doses of meloxicam one hour prior to surgery. Individuals that exhibited two or more of the following signs (abdominal writhing, belly pressing, back-arching, sustained contraction of the abdominal muscle) postoperatively, within a 5 min period, received intravenous buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg) as rescue analgesia.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of propofol and sevoflurane for surgical anaesthesia in New Zealand White rabbits

2010

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New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (n ¼ 34) received intravenous propofol (16 + 5 mg/kg) for induction of anaesthesia followed by maintenance with sevoflurane (4.0 + 0.5%) in oxygen. All animals underwent ovariohysterectomy. Heart rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, end-tidal sevoflurane concentration and oesophageal temperature were monitored every 5 min. Time from induction of anaesthesia to tracheal extubation and sternal recumbency were recorded as was the quality of recovery. Direct arterial blood pressure values (mmHg) were recorded every 5 min from 19 rabbits and 22 arterial blood gases analyses were performed (11 postintubation and 11 at the time of recovery). Propofol produced smooth induction of anaesthesia without production of apnoea. Intubation was successfully performed in all but one rabbit in an average of 4 + 3 min from the beginning of propofol administration. No ventilatory support was required during the anaesthetic period. Respiratory rate averaged 51 + 8 bpm and end-tidal CO 2 (kPa) was 4.0 + 0.5 mmHg during anaesthesia. Blood gas values were maintained within normal limits and average mean arterial blood pressure was 73.4 + 7.9 mmHg. Time to regain the swallowing reflex following discontinuation of sevoflurane was 2 + 1 min and time to sternal recumbency was 8 + 0.3 min. No anaesthetic-related mortality occurred and all animals recovered uneventfully. Propofolsevoflurane anaesthesia produced a good quality of surgical anaesthesia for ovariohysterectomy and stable cardiopulmonary conditions. Propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia in young healthy NZW rabbits appears to be an effective and practically useful method of anaesthesia.

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Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of propofol and sevoflurane for surgical anaesthesia in New Zealand White rabbits

2010

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“…However, the study found that 10 mg/kg meloxicam, 20 mg/kg tramadol or giving both was still not effective in BALB/c mice undergoing laparotomy. Similar behaviour analysis indicates meloxicam within the dose range Ruan et al suggest is also not effective for ovariohysterectomy in rabbits (Leach et al, 2009), and the only studies we are aware of that have described positive results from using meloxicam at between 2 and 3 mg/kg in mice used other strains and different surgical procedures, the assessment methods also differed, and even then, repeated dosing was required to achieve any apparent pain relief (Tubbs et al, 2011;Ratsep et al, 2013). We agree that a single dose of 20 mg/kg is high for any species and could create toxicity issues, which is why we suggested a multi-modal approach to dose rate refinement as a means of achieving welfare outcomes for mice as satisfactory as those we hope we have achieved for rats.…”

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confidence: 54%

Authors' reply to the comment by Ruan

Roughan

Bertrand

Isles

2016

European Journal of Pain

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We thank Ruan et al. for recognizing our efforts to establish an effective meloxicam dose for inflammatory-based pain prevention in mice. Our study found that although 5 or 20 mg/kg almost completely prevented inflammation, neither dose resulted in effective pain control. Ruan et al. make the point that inflammation is needed to activate the peripheral opioid system. They argue that if some inflammation had been allowed to persist, it may have resulted in greater intrinsic pain control, in which case meloxicam might have been shown to have efficacy at the relatively lower dose rates (0.5-2.5 mg/kg) usually prescribed to humans. Firstly, such comparisons are meaningless until there is a sufficiently sophisticated method of allowing animals to report on their pain experience or the affective properties of drugs. But more importantly, what Ruan et al. appear to have overlooked is that our dose range included 1 mg/kg; which allowed inflammation to develop to a point that was less severe than in untreated mice but more severe than in those receiving 5mg/kg meloxicam (see Figs. 1 and 2 of the original manuscript). There was also a generally uniform relationship between the meloxicam dose rate and inflammation that contrary to their hypothesis was not reflected in the pain metrics. It is important to remember that a main aim of our study was to investigate the apparent lack of efficacy of meloxicam in mice relative to rats. We cite several studies where mice of various strains failed to respond to meloxicam in the suggested dose range (those by Wright-Williams et al., Roughan et al. Miller et al. and Matsumiya et al.). Since an obvious explanation is that these used sub-optimal pain detection methods, in addition to imaging and using automated behaviour recording and analysing bodyweights, in the current study, we hoped to benefit from using the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) and its growing reputation as currently one of the most effective methods for assessing pain and analgesic efficacy in both mice and rats. The dose range tested came from an extensive series of investigations on the effects of between 2 and 20 mg/kg meloxicam for post-laparotomy or post-vasectomy pain prevention in mice (Wright-Williams, 2008). Here, we wished to explore whether the largely negative findings could have been because meloxicam did not effectively prevent inflammatory-based pain. Since publishing the current findings, we have repeated the inflammation imaging and MGS analysis, but included the same manual analysis of pain-specific behaviour we originally used to show meloxicam is effective in rats. However, the study found that 10 mg/kg meloxicam, 20 mg/kg tramadol or giving both was still not effective in BALB/c mice undergoing laparotomy. Similar behaviour analysis indicates meloxicam within the dose range Ruan et al. suggest is also not effective for ovariohysterectomy in rabbits (Leach et al., 2009), and the only studies we are aware of that have described positive results from using meloxicam at between 2 and 3 mg/kg in mice used ot...

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“…A previously developed behaviour based pain scoring system for assessing postoperative pain in rabbits, which does not take FAUs in account, is much more time consuming and therefore of little practical use (Leach et al, 2009). Moreover it uses behaviours that are specific to abdominal surgery, restricting its use even further.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carprofen neither reduces postoperative facial expression scores in rabbits treated with buprenorphine nor alters long term bone formation after maxillary sinus grafting

Hedenqvist

Trbakovic

Thor

et al. 2016

Research in Veterinary Science

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In connection with bilateral maxillary sinus augmentation, the acute effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug carprofen on facial expression and long-term effects on bone formation were evaluated in 18 male New Zealand White rabbits. A 10 x 10-mm bone window was drilled in the maxilla, the sinus membrane elevated and a titanium mini-implant inserted. One of two test materials was randomly inserted unilaterally and bovine bone chips (control) on the contralateral side in the created space. Rabbits were randomly allocated to receive buprenorphine plus carprofen (n=9) or buprenorphine plus saline (n=9) postoperatively. Buprenorphine was administered subcutaneously every 6 h for 3 d in a tapered dose (0.05-0.01 mg/kg) and carprofen (5 mg/kg) or saline administered subcutaneously 1 h before, and daily for 4 d postoperatively. To assess pain, clinical examination, body weight recording and scoring of facial expression from photos taken before, and 6-13 h after surgery was performed. Twelve weeks after surgery the rabbits were euthanized and sections of maxillary bones and sinuses were analysed with histomorphometry and by qualitative histology.Carprofen had no effect on mean facial expression scores, which increased from 0.0 to 3.6 (carprofen) and 4.3 (saline), of a maximum of 8.0. Neither did carprofen have an effect on bone formation or implant incorporation, whereas the test materials had.In conclusion, treatment with 5 mg/kg carprofen once daily for 5 d did not reduce facial expression scores after maxillary sinus augmentation in buprenorphine treated rabbits and did not affect long term bone formation.

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Behavioural effects of ovariohysterectomy and oral administration of meloxicam in laboratory housed rabbits

Cited by 110 publications

References 17 publications

The use of propofol and sevoflurane for surgical anaesthesia in New Zealand White rabbits

The use of propofol and sevoflurane for surgical anaesthesia in New Zealand White rabbits

Authors' reply to the comment by Ruan

Carprofen neither reduces postoperative facial expression scores in rabbits treated with buprenorphine nor alters long term bone formation after maxillary sinus grafting

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