Behavioural influences on life-history variation in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Thorpe, J. E.; Metcalfe, Neil B.; Huntingford, Felicity A.

doi:10.1007/bf00010944

Cited by 82 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…It is not clear if the parr were those that continued, or ceased, to grow in winter. There is clear evidence that a bimodal size distribution may develop in the first year of the life cycle with the large parr growing through the winter to become smolts after 1 year (S1 parr), while the small parr cease feeding in winter and become smolts after at least 2 years (S2 parr) in fresh water (Thorpe 1977(Thorpe , 1986(Thorpe , 1987(Thorpe , 1989Thorpe et al 1980;Nicieza, Braña & Toledo 1991;Thorpe, Metcalfe & Huntingford 1992). Higgins & Talbot (1985) followed the growth and feeding of the two groups of parr from September to June in the laboratory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A functional model for maximum growth of Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, from two populations in northwest England

1997

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1. The chief objective was to develop a functional model for the growth of parr (0+, 1+) of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, from two populations (Rivers Leven and Lune in northwest England), using a model similar to that developed previously for Brown Trout, Salmo trutta. Parr bred from Leven parents were acclimatized to nine fairly constant temperatures (two 0+, two 1+ parr per temperature) in the range 3·8–21·7 °C (variation ± 0·3 at 3·8 °C to ± 1·0 at 21·7 °C). Each fish was kept in a separate tank and fed to satiation on shrimps. The mass and length of each fish was recorded at the start and finish of a growth period of 30 days. Parr (0+, 1+) bred from Lune parents were separated into slow and fast growers, and acclimatized to six very constant temperatures. There were three slow and three fast growers at each of 5·0, 10·0, 15·0 °C for 0+ parr and each of 5·0, 10·0, 13·0, 15·0, 18·0, 20·0 °C for 1+ parr. Procedures were the same as for Leven parr except that the growth period lasted 30 days for the 18 0+ parr and 42 days for the 36 1+ parr. 2. The growth model was an excellent fit (P < 0·001) with no significant differences between parr from the two rivers, fast‐growing parr of different ages (0+, 1+), or fast‐ and slow‐growing 1+ parr. The optimum temperature for the combined data (81 parr) was 15·9 °C with a range for growth of 6·0–22·5 °C. The model failed to fit the data for slow‐growing 0+ Lune parr in experiments from November to February. Growth was reduced in these fish, even though the temperatures were suitable for growth (10, 15°C). 3. The model described approximately the growth of three year‐classes of Atlantic Salmon parr in the River Eden in northwest England. Some of the discrepancies between actual masses and those predicted from the model were consistent and possible reasons for this are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A functional model for maximum growth of Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, from two populations in northwest England

1997

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“…For example, a series of experiments (reviewed by Thorpe et al, 1992) have shown that the age at which Atlantic salmon parrs turn into smolts and migrate to the sea is largely determined by growth rates during the preceding summer. The social as well as the physical environment is important in determining salmon life-history patterns (through its effect on growth rates), because dominant fish are more likely than subordinates to smolt at an early age .…”

Section: Exploration Of Novel Surroundingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and behavioural influences on juvenile fish migrations in regulated rivers: a review of experimental and field studies

et al. 2008

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This paper reviews results of experimental and field studies of downstream migration of young fish carried out in the Institute of Ecology and Evolution (Russian Academy of Sciences) as a part of the research programme on fish behaviour and ecology. Studies of fish migrations have been dominated by descriptions of migratory routes and proximate control of orientation. Behaviour and ecological factors influencing variability of downstream migrations of fish larvae and fry are still poorly understood. Life cycles of most of freshwater fishes can be roughly considered as a sequence of ''residential'' and ''migratory'' phases. Migrating, or just moving between microhabitats, fish are especially vulnerable to various threats including impacts of water abstraction systems. Abiotic (water flow velocity, rheogradients, turbulence, visual habitat heterogeneity) and biotic (foraging conditions, predators, competitors and parasites) factors can cause changes in fish spatial distribution as well as shift from residential to migratory behaviour. From the viewpoint of fish protection, these changes are important not only in the vicinity of water abstraction sites, but also in more distant parts of the aquatic system that should be taken into account in long-term assessments of impacts of abstraction on fish populations in regulated rivers. Besides macro-and mesoscale impacts that affect fish migrations and spatial distribution, micro-scale habitat heterogeneity (hydrodynamic and visual) are important as factors triggering and controlling various aspects of young fish behaviour. Interactions of water abstraction zones with fish populations have to be analysed at ecological (meso-scale spatial overlapping and longterm dynamics) and behavioural (effects of microscale structures and events) levels.

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“…To avoid the confounding effects of smoltification, in future studies, fish should be sampled and tagged earlier, for example, during the fall or winter preceding the migration, and then released to determine whether fish migrate the following spring. Future migratory individuals, being more dominant, have a growth and feeding advantage during summer (Metcalfe et al 1990;Thorpe et al 1992;Metcalfe 1998;Martin-Smith et al 2004), and, therefore, in the fall, future migrants might be expected to be larger than residents and potentially also to have a better nutritional status (assuming that food availability in the stream is sufficient).…”

Section: Energy Stores •• •'mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If growth performance has surpassed a threshold during the fall, migration will take place in the following spring (Metcalfe 1998). Individuals that migrate typically obtain superior positions in the social hierarchy and have higher grovrth rates, while lower-order individuals are slow growing and are more likely to postpone migration at least one more year (Metcalfe et al 1990;Thorpe et al 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiological Basis of the Migration Continuum in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)

Boel¹,

Aarestrup²,

Baktoft³

et al. 2014

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Partial migration is common in many animal taxa; however, the physiological variation underpinning migration strategies remains poorly understood. Among salmonid fishes, brown trout (Salmo trutta) is one of the species that exhibits the most complex variation in sympatric migration strategies, expressed as a migration continuum, ranging from residency to anadromy. In looking at brown trout, our objective with this study was to test the hypothesis that variation in migration strategies is underpinned by physiological variation. Prior to migration, physiological samples were taken from fish in the stream and then released at the capture site. Using telemetry, we subsequently classified fish as resident, short-distance migrants (potamodromous), or long-distance migrants (potentially anadromous). Our results revealed that fish belonging to the resident strategy differed from those exhibiting any of the two migratory strategies. Gill Na,K-ATPase activity, condition factor, and indicators of nutritional status suggested that trout from the two migratory strategies were smoltified and energetically depleted before leaving the stream, compared to those in the resident strategy. The trout belonging to the two migratory strategies were generally similar; however, lower triacylglycerides levels in the short-distance migrants indicated that they were more lipid depleted prior to migration compared with the long-distance migrants. In the context of migration cost, we suggest that additional lipid depletion makes migrants more inclined to terminate migration at the first given feeding opportunity, whereas individuals that are less lipid depleted will migrate farther. Collectively, our data suggest that the energetic state of individual fish provides a possible mechanism underpinning the migration continuum in brown trout.

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Behavioural influences on life-history variation in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar

Cited by 82 publications

References 34 publications

A functional model for maximum growth of Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, from two populations in northwest England

A functional model for maximum growth of Atlantic Salmon parr, Salmo salar, from two populations in northwest England

Ecological and behavioural influences on juvenile fish migrations in regulated rivers: a review of experimental and field studies

The Physiological Basis of the Migration Continuum in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)

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