Behçet Syndrome and Microbes

Oral Health and Its Aetiological Role in Behçet's Disease

“…Although most of the work on γδ T cells relate to Vgamma9 and Vdelta2 chains, other γδ T cells subsets which are activated by microbial products (69) as pathogenic strains of S. sanguis and S. mitis, are probably more important because they mainly populate in the oral environment (10). Once the pathogenic microorganisms are eliminated by neutrophils the consequent bacterial products are recognised by γδ T cells that stimulate proinflammatory cytokines from monocytes (15,69). After innate immune responses are activated by pathogens, vasculitis and tissue damage results from neutrophil T cells activation BD (39).…”

“…Changes in microbiome profile modifying immune responses contribute to immune dysregulation during the development and progression of the diseases (38,41,42). These studies of the salivary microbiome provide information which may assist in the development of new therapies for use in BD (15,38,(40)(41)(42) (Figure 1).…”

“…When this occurs, the mucosal barrier is breached. This together with dysbiosis results in microorganisms and inflammatory mediators being released into the general circulation, and actively contribute to the ongoing activity of the disease process (15,46,47,84) (Figure 1).…”

“…The higher prevalence of BD is present in Mediterranean and Middle East countries along with Ancient Silk Route. Environmental factors tend to be specific to geographic areas and reflect the interactions between genetic factors and infective organism with host factors in BD (4,14,15). Both epidemiologic and hospital-based studies were carried out to investigate the role of environmental factors in Turkish, African and Asian immigrants.…”

“…Furthermore, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of BD, with a milder clinical course in both the Japanese and Korean populations who have minimal ethnic diversity (19)(20)(21)(22)(23). These factors may be important pointers to understanding the impact of environmental factors in BD (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”