Behind the identification of China White

Kram, Theodore C.; Cooper, Donald A.; Allen, Andrew C.

doi:10.1021/ac00235a003

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The causative agent was eventually identified to be alpha-methylfentanyl (AMF) (Kram et al, 1981;Henderson, 1988;Henderson, 1991). Another analog, 3-methylfentanyl, emerged in 1984 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania and was responsible for 16 fatal overdose cases (Hibbs et al, 1991).…”

Section: Fentanyl Analogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review

et al. 2018

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Section: Fentanyl Analogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review

et al. 2018

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“…The term of "China White" was a slang of heroin. 1) But now many fentnayl analogues are called "China White" such as 3-position of the piperidine ring was methylated fentanyl, it was described as 3-methylfentanyl, [2][3][4][5][6] and α-position of phenethyl group was methylated one was also called α-methylfentanyl. In a previous study, the reported mass spectrum of bogus "China White" was compared with those of synthesized fentanyls, and reported structure of bogus "China White" was presumed to involve the introduction of a methyl group to the α-position of the phenethyl group of fentanyl (α-methylfentanyl).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on 1-(2-Phenethyl)-4-(N-Propionylanilino)Piperidine (Fentanyl) and Its Related Compounds: Novel Metabolites in Rat Urine Following Injection of .ALPHA.-Methylfentanyl, One of the Most Abused Typical Designer Drugs

Higashikawa

Suzuki

2008

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Although 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) is controlled by drug control laws, its slightly modified compounds, which show the same analgesic activities, cannot be controlled legally. Among these fentanyl analogues, 1-[2-(2-methylphenethyl)]-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (α-methylfentanyl) is the typical and most widely abused drug and its overdose has caused a number of fatalities. Analysis of the urine of addicts has been widely performed to detect its metabolites and the unchanged compound for proof of its abuse. In this case, the metabolites detected in urine should reflect the structure of the original compound. In the present report, for clarification of α-methylfentanyl abuse, four novel metabolites, which reflect the original structure of α-methylfentanyl, were identified in rat urine. One of these was the p-hydroxy form of the aromatic ring of the α-methylfentanyl phenethyl group (mono-aromatic hydroxy α-methylfentanyl), while the second and third ones were metabolites of ω-1 or ω position hydroxypropionyl of α-methylfentanyl (mono-hydroxypropionyl α-methylfentanyl). The fourth one was a metabolite involving the p-hydroxy form of the aromatic ring of the phenethyl group and ω position of hydroxypropionyl α-methylfentanyl (di-hydroxy α-methylfentanyl). The structures of these compounds were identified by comparisons of their retention times and mass spectra obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and mass chromatography of mono-and di-hydroxy α-methylfentanyl with those of the synthesized authentic compounds.

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“…Fentanyl and α-methylfentanyl are roughly 50 times more potent than morphine, and 3-methylfentanyl is between 50 and 500 times more potent than morphine [8]. Acetyl fentanyl may have been sold alone due to its relatively low potency, while in past outbreaks, fentanyl, 3-methylfentanyl, and α-methylfentanyl have mostly been found mixed with heroin, likely due to their higher potency [7][8][9][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first epidemic was identified in California in 1978 and was associated with a compound later identified as the fentanyl analog 3-methylfentanyl, branded by the street name BChina White.T his drug is several hundred times more potent than morphine and accounted for more than 100 deaths in California [7][8][9]11]. This same drug resurfaced in 1988 in Pennsylvania, where it was implicated in the deaths of 16 persons [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%