Being hunted high and low: do differences in nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites of howler monkeys (Alouatta nigerrima and Alouatta discolor) reflect safety from attack by different types of predator?

Jucá, Thays; Boyle, Sarah; Cavalcanti, Gitana Nunes; Cavalcante, Thiago; Tománek, Pavel; Clemente, Salatiel; Oliveira, Tadeu de; Barnett, Adrian A.

doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blaa102

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…As part of a broader series of faunal surveys in the mid‐Tapajós (de Oliveira et al, 2016; Barnett & de Oliveira 2018; Barnett, Ronchi‐Teles, et al, 2017; Barnett, Silla, et al, 2017, Barnett, de Oliveira, et al, 2018; Barnett, Todd, & de Oliveira, 2018; Jucá et al, 2020; Tománek et al, 2020), we collected field data on C. albinasus between October 2013 and December 2014. Primate surveys occurred between 05:30 and 18:30 h from motorized canoes, and from 06.00–10.00 h and 14.00–18.00 h on trails.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beans with bugs: Covert carnivory and infested seed selection by the red‐nosed cuxiú monkey

et al. 2023

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Members of the Neotropical primate genus Chiropotes eat large volumes of immature seeds. However, such items are often low in available proteins, and digestion of seeds is further inhibited by tannins. This suggests that overall plant‐derived protein intake is relatively low. We examined the presence of insect larvae in partially eaten fruits, compared with intact fruit on trees, and examined fecal pellets for the presence of larvae. We found that red‐nosed cuxiú (Chiropotes albinasus) individuals may supplement their limited seed‐derived protein intake by ingesting seed‐inhabiting insects. Comparison of fruits partially eaten for their seeds with those sampled directly from trees showed that fruits with insect‐containing seeds were positively selected in 20 of the 41 C. albinasus diet items tested, suggesting that fruits with infested seeds are actively selected by foraging animals. We found no differences in accessibility to seeds, that is, no differences in husk penetrability between fruits with infested and uninfested seeds excluding the likelihood that insect‐infestation results in easier access to the seeds in such fruits. Additionally, none of the C. albinasus fecal samples showed any evidence of living pupae or larvae, indicating that infesting larvae are digested. Our findings raise the possibility that these seed‐predating primates might provide net benefits to the plant species they feed on, since they feed from many species of plants and their actions may reduce the populations of seed‐infesting insects. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barnett, Silla, et al, 2017Barnett, Todd, & de Oliveira, 2018;Jucá et al, 2020;Tománek et al, 2020), we collected field data on C. albinasus be-…”

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confidence: 99%

Beans with bugs: Covert carnivory and infested seed selection by the red‐nosed cuxiú monkey

et al. 2023

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“…Furthermore, we predicted that cuxiús would engage in feeding behavior and travel behavior at all distances from the forest edge to maximize resource availability in the small forest remnant. However, we predicted that cuxiús would engage in resting behavior more often near the interior of the forest remnant because monkeys often use larger trees as resting sites, as such site selection is often associated with reducing predation risk [74,75]. Cuxiús and similar-bodied primates are prey for large raptors [76,77].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Ecology of Reddish-Brown Cuxiú Monkeys (Chiropotes sagulatus, Pitheciidae) in an Isolated Forest Remnant: Movement Patterns and Edge Effects

et al. 2023

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Habitat loss, and subsequent fragmentation, can increase the amount of forest edge. Primate species vary in their responses to such changes in their habitat. We studied the movement ecology of a group of reddish-brown cuxiú monkeys (Chiropotes sagulatus, Pitheciidae) in a small (13 ha), isolated forest remnant that was <3% of the species’ typical home range in the region. Every 5 min we recorded the group’s latitude and longitude, and the behavior of all individuals in sight. We calculated distance, speed, and trajectory of travel routes, and distance from every location to the nearest forest edge. Using Lidar data, we calculated canopy height. Cuxiús traveled in all cardinal directions, but they turned left more often than right, and they traveled at a faster speed to locations where the monkeys fed than where they did not eat. Although cuxiús used forest from the edge to the interior, they concentrated their movements and activities >30 m from the forest edge. Furthermore, their food sites were located less often near the forest edge, and canopy height of food trees near the forest edge was lower than canopy height of food trees at a greater distance from the edge. Although edge effects impacted the monkeys’ movement, trees >15 m at the forest edge can provide resources. Future research can examine ecological variables in more detail with the movement patterns.

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“…Secondly, inactive primates appear to be very sensitive to variation in predation risk, even resulting in differences between trees used for sleeping at night and resting during the day, as in howler monkeys (Jucá et al, 2020). Furthermore, the presence of dependent infants may induce a change in sleeping site choice, especially in species that park their infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of body size, activity, and phylogeny on primate sleeping ecology

Pozzi

Voskamp

Kappeler

2022

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives Sleeping ecology plays a key integrative role in the primates' lives. Selecting an adequate sleeping site is therefore critical, but both extrinsic (e.g., predation, thermoregulation) and intrinsic factors (e.g., body size, circadian activity) need to be considered simultaneously. There is, however, a notable lack of comprehensive comparative analyses of sleeping ecology within primates. We explored the links among body size, circadian activity, and sleeping site choice in phylogenetically controlled comparative analyses across all major primate lineages. Materials and Methods We compiled published information on body size, circadian activity, and sleeping site choice of extant primates. We performed ancestral state reconstructions for the different sleeping sites and used comparative phylogenetic analyses to quantify associations between sleeping site preference, body size and circadian pattern. Results Comparative analyses across 390 species revealed that primate sleeping site usage was best predicted by circadian activity patterns. Nocturnal species were more likely to use tree holes and nests, whereas diurnal primates were more likely to sleep on trees. Ancestral reconstructions indicated a relative ambiguity among states for several nodes, especially within strepsirrhines, whereas “on trees” was the most likely sleeping site type within haplorrhines. Discussion The main intrinsic predictor of sleeping site choice in primates has links to two extrinsic factors: predation risk and thermoregulation. Thermoregulatory and anti‐predator benefits accrue for nocturnal species that rest in nests or tree holes. Body size only poses a constraint for shelter use in larger species. Comparative studies of resting ecology are integral for reconstructing primate evolution and for revealing complex adaptations in arboreal mammals.

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Being hunted high and low: do differences in nocturnal sleeping and diurnal resting sites of howler monkeys (Alouatta nigerrima and Alouatta discolor) reflect safety from attack by different types of predator?

Cited by 9 publications

References 137 publications

Beans with bugs: Covert carnivory and infested seed selection by the red‐nosed cuxiú monkey

Beans with bugs: Covert carnivory and infested seed selection by the red‐nosed cuxiú monkey

Spatial Ecology of Reddish-Brown Cuxiú Monkeys (Chiropotes sagulatus, Pitheciidae) in an Isolated Forest Remnant: Movement Patterns and Edge Effects

The effects of body size, activity, and phylogeny on primate sleeping ecology

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