Beiträge zur Kenntnis der symbiontischen Einrichtungen bei Hirudineen und Ixodiden

Jaschke, W

doi:10.1007/bf02121362

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Based on histological observations, early researchers have repeatedly found bladder microbiota in other Hirudo spp. and their relatives (Jaschke, 1933; Büsing et al ., 1953; Haupt, 1974; Sawyer, 1986; Wenning et al ., 1993). Broad surveys of the bladder symbionts in diverse hirudinids may shed light on the evolutionary process of the bladder symbiosis in leeches.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratified bacterial community in the bladder of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana

Kikuchi

Bomar

Graf

2009

Environmental Microbiology

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Most animals harbour symbiotic microorganisms inside their body, where intimate interactions occur between the partners. The medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, possesses 17 pairs of excretory bladders that harbour a large number of intracellular and extracellular symbiotic bacteria. In this study, we characterized the bladder symbionts using molecular phylogenetic analyses, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analyses of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries suggested that six bacterial species co-colonize the leech bladders. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these species belong to the alpha-Proteobacteria (Ochrobactrum symbiont), beta-Proteobacteria (Beta-1 and Beta-2 symbionts), delta-Proteobacteria (Bdellovibrio symbiont) and Bacteroidetes (Niabella and Sphingobacterium symbionts). Species-specific PCR detection and FISH confirmed the localization of the symbiotic bacteria in the bladders. The Ochrobactrum, Beta-1, Bdellovibrio and Sphingobacterium symbionts were consistently detected in 13 leeches from two populations, while infection rate of the other symbionts ranged between 20% and 100% in the two leech populations. Transmission electron microscopy observations of the bladders revealed epithelial cells harbouring a number of intracellular bacilli and an additional type of extracellular, rod-shaped bacteria in the luminal region. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with group-specific oligonucleotide probes revealed the spatial organization of the bacterial species in the bladder: the Ochrobactrum symbiont was located intracellularly inside epithelial cells; the Bacteroidetes were localized close to the epithelium in the lumen of the bladder; and the Bacteroidetes layer was covered with dense beta-proteobacterial cells. These results clearly demonstrate that a simple but organized microbial community exists in the bladder of the medicinal leech.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratified bacterial community in the bladder of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana

Kikuchi

Bomar

Graf

2009

Environmental Microbiology

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“…Close association of bacteria with the alimentary system has been reported for a number of leeches in addition to Hirudo and they occur either in special oesophageal diverticula or intracellularly within the gastrodermis (Reichenow, 1922;Jaschke, 1933;Hotz, 1938). The organisms have not been shown to have a specific role in digestion, but their fairly widespread occurrence in the Hirudinea suggests that bacterial involvement in digestive processes may be a feature of this class of annelids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Histochemical and Bacteriological Studies on Digestion in Nine Species of Leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea)

Jennings¹,

Lande²

1967

The Biological Bulletin

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Previous studies on digestion in the leeches (summarized by Herter, 1936;Harant and Grasse, 1959; Mann, 1962) have been restricted to a few genera, notably Hirudo and Haemopis. Such accounts as are available, however, indicate that the full complement of digestive enzymes normally present in the alimentary system is, in the leeches, much reduced. In Hirudo, for example, the careful experiments of Graetz and Autrum (1935) failed to demonstrate proteases in gut wall extract, and this supported earlier observations by Diwany (1925) that starved Hirudo could not digest milk, egg proteins or peptones injected aseptically into the gut. With Haemopis Autrum and Graetz (1934) and Graetz and Autrum (1935) showed that enzymes for initiating proteolysis (the endopeptidases of modern terminology) are absent, but that a number of those concerned in subsequent stages (exopeptidases) are to be found in extracts of the gut wall.The alimentary system in leeches shows well developed regional differentiation in that a pharynx, oesophagus, crop, intestine and rectum are generally present, but, in contrast, there is little or no differentiation at the cellular level into glandular and absorptive components. This apparent lack of gland cells, apart from salivary glands, lends support to the biochemical evidence that digestive enzymes are reduced in number, although such absence of intercellular differentiation does not ipso facto eliminate the possibility of secretory activity in the gastrodermis.The failure to demonstrate a full range of proteolytic enzymes led Graetz and Autrum (1935) to suggest that bacteria may be concerned in digestive processes, and this possibility was subsequently examined by Busing (1951) and Busing, Doll and Freytag (1953). A single species of bacterium, named by Busing "Pscndomonas hirudinis'' was found consistently in the gut lumen of Hirudo and in vitro studies showed that the microorganism is capable of slowly digesting the blood which is the normal food of this leech. Inclusion of antibiotics in the food

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“…They resemble the syncytial yeast-like symbionts of Scaphoideus titanus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)-Sacchi et al (2008)-more than resembling Cardinium symbionts. They are not like the micro-organisms found in the Malpighian tubules of Argas persicus (Jaschke 1933) nor the cocci in the haemocytes, eggs and Malpighian tubules of other ticks (Mudrow 1933). Rather, in shape individually the contents of these pergamasid giant cells, resemble more the symbionts a-f, j, o-q in Fig.…”

Section: Giant Mycetome-like Cellsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Bacteria as symbionts or pathogens are known in the digestive gut of D. gallinae- Baker and Whittington (1980). Jaschke (1933) summarised the symbionts in ixodids. More recently, Chlamydia-like microorganisms have been found in the hepatopancreas cells of spiders (Osaka 1973).…”

Section: Giant Mycetome-like Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The gut epithelium from feeding to fasting in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): one tissue, two roles

Bowman

2019

Exp Appl Acarol

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A review of acarine gut physiology based on published narratives dispersed over the historical international literature is given. Then, in an experimental study of the free-living predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese), quantitative micro-anatomical changes in the gut epithelium are critically assessed from a temporal series of histological sections during and after feeding on larval dipteran prey. An argued functional synthesis based upon comparative kinetics is offered for verification in other mesostigmatids. Midand hind-gut epithelia cell types interconvert in a rational way dependent upon the physical consequences of ingestion, absorption and egestion. The fasted transitional pseudostratified epithelium rapidly becomes first squamous on prey ingestion (by stretching), then columnar during digestion before confirmed partial disintegration (gut 'lumenation') during egestion back to a pseudo-stratified state. Exponential processes within the mid-and endodermic hind-gut exhibit 'stiff' dynamics. Cells expand rapidly (t 1∕2 = 22.9-49.5 min) and vacuolate quickly (t 1∕2 = 1.1 h). Cells shrink very slowly (t 1∕2 = 4.9 days) and devacuolate gently (t 1∕2 = 1.0-1.7 days). Egestive cellular degeneration has an initial t 1∕2 = 7.7 h. Digestion appears to be triggered by maximum gut expansion-estimated at 10 min post start of feeding. Synchrony with changes in gut lumen contents suggests common changes in physiological function over time for the cells as a whole tightly-coupled epithelium. Distinct in architecture as a tissue over time the various constituent cell types appear functionally the same. Functional phases are: early fluid transportation (0-1 h) and extracellular activity (10-90 min); through rising food absorption (10 min to > 1 day); to slow intracellular meal processing and degenerative egestive waste material production (1 to > 12 days) much as in ticks. The same epithelium is both absorptive and degenerative in role. The switch in predominant physiology begins 4 h after the start of feeding. Two separate pulses of clavate cells appear to be a mechanism to facilitate transport by increasing epithelial surface area in contact with the lumen. Free-floating cells may augment early extracellular lumenal digestion. Possible evidence for salivary enzyme alkaline-related extra-corporeal digestion was found. Giant mycetome-like cells were found embedded in the mid-gut wall. Anteriorly, the mid-gut behaves like a temporally expendable food processing tissue and minor long-term resistive store. Posteriorly the mid-gut behaves like a major assimilative/ catabolic tissue and 'last-out' food depot (i.e., a 'hepatopancreas' function) allowing the mite to resist starvation for up to 3.5 weeks after a single meal. A 'conveyor-belt' wave Extended author information available on the last page of the article Research Council grant B/77307818 at Liverpool John Moores University. Thanks go to Susan Bjornson (then at University of Alberta, Canada) for advice on invertebrate sporozoans and Don E Johnston (Ohio Sta...

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Beiträge zur Kenntnis der symbiontischen Einrichtungen bei Hirudineen und Ixodiden

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Stratified bacterial community in the bladder of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana

Stratified bacterial community in the bladder of the medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana

Histochemical and Bacteriological Studies on Digestion in Nine Species of Leeches (Annelida: Hirudinea)

The gut epithelium from feeding to fasting in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): one tissue, two roles

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