Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Gibbonkehlkopfes

Némai, J.; Kelemen, Georg

doi:10.1007/bf02118851

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Though there are controversies regarding the distributions of forms of air sacs among primates (Hewitt et al 2002), all great apes and siamang definitely share 1 type: a ventricular sac that extends ventrally from bilateral laryngeal ventricles to fuse in front (Hayama 1970;Hewitt et al 2002;Negus 1949;Starck and Schneider 1960). By contrast, other gibbons and humans have bilateral laryngeal ventricles, but no true laryngeal sac (Fitch 2000;Hayama 1970Hayama , 1996Hewitt et al 2002;Némai and Kelemen 1933;Negus 1949;Starck and Schneider 1960). The great apes are unique in having an enlarged sac extending into the pectoral and axillary regions (Avril 1963;Brandes 1932;Hayama 1970;Hewitt et al 2002;Kleinschmidt 1938;Negus 1949;Raven 1950;Starck and Schneider 1960), though many other primates have a smaller sac, at the largest extending to the ventral region of the neck (Hayama 1970;Hewitt et al 2002;Negus 1949;Starck and Schneider 1960).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Development of the Laryngeal Air Sac in Chimpanzees

et al. 2007

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Though many nonhuman primates possess a laryngeal sac, the great apes are unique in their great size. Though an enlarged sac probably arose in their common ancestor, its functional adaptations remain a matter of debate. Its development in extant great apes is likely to provide valuable information to clarify the issue. We used magnetic resonance imaging to examine the development of the laryngeal sac in 3 living chimpanzees, age 4 mo-5 yr, and identified 2 distinct growth phases of the sac. A gradual growth of the sac in early infancy results in a configuration so that it occupies the ventral region of the neck; many adult nonhominoid primates having a sac show the configuration. The subsequent rapid expansion of the sac in late infancy causes the final configuration in chimpanzees, wherein the sac expands into the pectoral, clavicular, and axillary regions. The latter phase possibly arose at latest in the last common ancestor of extant great apes and contributed to the evolution of the enlarged sac, despite the later evolutionary diversification in adult sac anatomy and growth. As many studies have advocated, the enlarged sac probably plays a role in vocalization in adults. However, physiological modifications in the laryngeal region during infancy are likely to provide valuable information to evaluate the functional adaptations of the enlarged sac in the great apes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Development of the Laryngeal Air Sac in Chimpanzees

et al. 2007

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“…The link between vocal anatomy and vocal output has been thoroughly investigated in humans (e.g. speech production and operatic singing; Némai & Kelemen, ; Doscher, ; Titze, ; Lieberman et al. ; Dayme, ; Fitch, ; Koda et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The remarkable vocal anatomy of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): insights into low‐frequency sound production in a marsupial species

et al. 2018

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Koalas are characterised by a highly unusual vocal anatomy, with a descended larynx and velar vocal folds, allowing them to produce calls at disproportionately low frequencies. Here we use advanced imaging techniques, histological data, classical macroscopic dissection and behavioural observations to provide the first detailed description and interpretation of male and female koala vocal anatomy. We show that both males and females have an elongated pharynx and soft palate, resulting in a permanently descended larynx. In addition, the hyoid apparatus has a human-like configuration in which paired dorsal, resilient ligaments suspend the hyoid apparatus from the skull, while the ventral parts tightly connect to the descended larynx. We also show that koalas can retract the larynx down into the thoracic inlet, facilitated by a dramatic evolutionary transformation of the ventral neck muscles. First, the usual retractors of the larynx and the hyoid have their origins deep in the thorax. Secondly, three hyoid muscles have lost their connection to the hyoid skeleton. Thirdly, the genioglossus and geniohyoid muscles are greatly increased in length. Finally, the digastric, omohyoid and sternohyoid muscles, connected by a common tendinous intersection, form a guiding channel for the dynamic down-and-up movements of the ventral hyoid parts and the larynx. We suggest that these features evolved to accommodate the low resting position of the larynx and assist in its retraction during call production. We also confirm that the edges of the intra-pharyngeal ostium have specialised to form the novel, extra-laryngeal velar vocal folds, which are much larger than the true intra-laryngeal vocal folds in both sexes, but more developed and specialised for low frequency sound production in males than in females. Our findings illustrate that strong selection pressures on acoustic signalling not only lead to the specialisation of existing vocal organs but can also result in the evolution of novel vocal structures in both sexes.

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“…The high f 0 measured in gibbons could be supported in part by their laryngeal efficiency, in addition to their short vocal folds. They possess a double string of the vocal ligaments attached with the bifurcated vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages bilaterally (Némai and Keleman,1933), which might help in maintaining an increased tension of the vocal folds. Although such anatomy probably favors the production of high‐pitched, pure tone‐like voices, active movements of the lip and jaw principally contribute to productions of the melodious song in gibbons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, gibbons have lateral ventricles which expand slightly in some species but are not fused with each other, similar to humans (Fig. 1; Némai and Keleman,1933; Hayama,1970; Hewitt et al,2002). Given the widespread presence of varied laryngeal air sacs in Old World monkeys (Starck and Schneider,1960; Hayama,1970; Hewitt et al,2002), gibbons have probably lost the air sacs, as have humans.…”

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confidence: 93%

Soprano singing in gibbons

Koda

Nishimura

Tokuda

et al. 2012

American J Phys Anthropol

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Diversifications in primate vocalization, including human speech, are believed to reflect evolutionary modifications in vocal anatomy and physiology. Gibbon song is acoustically unique, comprising loud, melodious, penetrating pure tone-like calls. In a white-handed gibbon, Hylobates lar, the fundamental frequency (f(0) ) of song sounds is amplified distinctively from the higher harmonics in normal air. In a helium-enriched atmosphere, f(0) does not shift, but it is significantly suppressed and 2f(0) is emphasized. This implies that the source is independent of the resonance filter of the supralaryngeal vocal tract (SVT) in gibbons, in contrast to musical wind instruments, in which the filter primarily determines f(0) . Acoustic simulation further supported that gibbons' singing is produced analogously to professional human soprano singing, in which a precise tuning of the first formant (F(1) ) of the SVT to f(0) amplifies exclusively the f(0) component of the source. Thus, in gibbons, as in humans, dynamic control over the vocal tract configuration, rather than anatomical modifications, has been a dominant factor in determining call structure. The varied dynamic movements were adopted in response to unique social and ecological pressures in gibbons, allowing monogamous gibbons to produce pure-tonal melodious songs in the dense tropical forests with poor visibility.

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Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Gibbonkehlkopfes

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Development of the Laryngeal Air Sac in Chimpanzees

Development of the Laryngeal Air Sac in Chimpanzees

The remarkable vocal anatomy of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): insights into low‐frequency sound production in a marsupial species

Soprano singing in gibbons

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