Belief in and Experience with the Paranormal: Relations between Personality Boundaries, Executive Functioning, Gender Role, and Academic Variables

Spinelli, Stacey N.; Reid, Howard M.; Norvilitis, Jill M.

doi:10.2190/g54a-7vfm-mlmr-8j2g

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…To date only two studies have tested these claims. In the first, Spinelli, Reid, and Norvilitis (2002) found female biological sex predicted stronger paranormal belief, that feminine gender role predicted lower paranormal belief, and that neither biological sex nor psychological femininity predicted more subjective experiences of alleged paranormal phenomena. Instead, it was heightened masculinity that predicted both paranormal belief and experiences.…”

Section: Gender Role Orientation and Adult Paranormality: Consistent mentioning

confidence: 93%

Gender role orientation, thinking style preference and facets of adult paranormality: A mediation analysis

Rogers

Hattersley

French

2019

Consciousness and Cognition

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This study examines the extent to which masculine and feminine gender role orientations predict self-reported anomalous experiences, belief, ability and fear once relevant correlates including biological sex are controlled for. The extent to which rational versus intuitive thinking style preference mediates these relationships is also examined. Path analysis (n=332) found heightened femininity directly predicts stronger intuitive preference plus more anomalous experiences, belief and fear with, additionally, intuitive preference mediating several gender role-paranormality relationships. By comparison, heightened masculinity directly predicts both thinking styles plus lower anomalous fear. The latter relationship is also shaped by the nature of mediators with (a) more anomalous experiences and belief leading to more anomalous fear and (b) either heightened rationality else more anomalous ability leading to, conversely, less anomalous fear. The extent to which findings support a gender (or social) role account of adult paranormality, together with methodological limitations and ideas for future research, is discussed.

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Section: Gender Role Orientation and Adult Paranormality: Consistent mentioning

confidence: 93%

Gender role orientation, thinking style preference and facets of adult paranormality: A mediation analysis

Rogers

Hattersley

French

2019

Consciousness and Cognition

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…We also found belief and experience to be highly correlated (r = 0.61) for another mixed population of scientists and engineers, the general population, and paranormal enthusiasts 12 . Other studies that have evaluated belief and experience in general have also found positive correlations 17,18 . A study examining the correlation between specific religious and classic paranormal beliefs, such as belief in heaven and hell or psychic healing, in relation to the paranormal experiences of illness cured by prayer and the use of the mind to heal the body, found mixed results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The memory of a paranormal experience relies on a different mental substrate than a belief based on environment, education and reasoning and the neural structures underlying memory of an experience and belief are likely different 15,16 . Paranormal belief and experience are often correlated when measured simultaneously, although this is rarely done 17,18 . For example, one study found a positive correlation (r = 0.61) between paranormal experience and belief scores 12 .…”

Section: Reviewer Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Noetic Experience and Belief Scale: A validation and reliability study

et al. 2020

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Belief in the paranormal is widespread worldwide. Recent Background: surveys suggest that subjective experiences of the paranormal are common. A concise instrument that adequately evaluates beliefs as distinct from experiences does not currently exist. To address this gap, we created the Noetic Experiences and Beliefs Scale (NEBS) which evaluates belief and experience as separate constructs.The NEBS is a 20-item survey with 10 belief and 10 experience Methods: items rated on a visual analog scale from 0-100. In an observational study, the survey was administered to 361 general population adults in the United States and a subsample of 96 one month later. Validity, reliability and internal consistency were evaluated. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the latent variables of belief and experience. The survey was then administered to a sample of 646 IONS Discovery Lab participants to evaluate divergent validity and confirm belief and experience as latent variables of the model in a different population.The NEBS demonstrated convergent validity, reliability and Results: internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha Belief 0.90; Experience 0.93) and test-retest reliability (Belief: 0.83 Experience: 0.77). A confirmatory r = ; r = factor analysis model with belief and experience as latent variables demonstrated a good fit. The factor model was confirmed as having a good fit and divergent validity was established in the sample of 646 IONS Discovery Lab participants.The NEBS is a short, valid, and reliable instrument for Conclusions: evaluating paranormal belief and experience.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Reviewer Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Noetic Experience and Belief Scale: A validation and reliability study

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Belief in the paranormal is widespread worldwide. Recent surveys suggest that subjective experiences of the paranormal are common. A concise instrument that adequately evaluates beliefs as distinct from experiences does not currently exist. To address this gap, we created the Noetic Experiences and Beliefs Scale (NEBS) which evaluates belief and experience as separate constructs. Methods: The NEBS is a 20-item survey with 10 belief and 10 experience items rated on a visual analog scale from 0-100. In an observational study, the survey was administered to 361 general population adults in the United States and a subsample of 96 one month later. Validity, reliability and internal consistency were evaluated. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to confirm the latent variables of belief and experience. The survey was then administered to a sample of 646 IONS Discovery Lab participants to evaluate divergent validity and confirm belief and experience as latent variables of the model in a different population. Results: The NEBS demonstrated convergent validity, reliability and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha Belief 0.90; Experience 0.93) and test-retest reliability (Belief: r = 0.83; Experience: r = 0.77). A confirmatory factor analysis model with belief and experience as latent variables demonstrated a good fit. The factor model was confirmed as having a good fit and divergent validity was established in the sample of 646 IONS Discovery Lab participants. Conclusions: The NEBS is a short, valid, and reliable instrument for evaluating paranormal belief and experience.

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Belief in and Experience with the Paranormal: Relations between Personality Boundaries, Executive Functioning, Gender Role, and Academic Variables

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

Gender role orientation, thinking style preference and facets of adult paranormality: A mediation analysis

Gender role orientation, thinking style preference and facets of adult paranormality: A mediation analysis

The Noetic Experience and Belief Scale: A validation and reliability study

The Noetic Experience and Belief Scale: A validation and reliability study

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