Beliefs about the appropriate age for initiating toilet training: Are there racial and socioeconomic differences?

Horn, Ivor B.; Brenner, Ruth A.; Rao, Malla R.; Cheng, Tina L.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.03.004

Cited by 56 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…[7][8]10 The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that training should start after 18 months of age and conclude by 24 to 36 months of age. 3 Its approach is depend on a child's level of physical and psychological maturation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 Most studies show that the initiation age of TT has changed in the majority of the population during the past 60 years and is later when compared to the past. [7][8][9][10] This situation may have arisen due to the introduction of disposable diapers and wider acceptance of child-orientated approach training techniques. On the other hand, there is some evidence to suggest that more disorders of elimination such as urge incontinence, daytime wetting, constipation, stool toileting refusal may develop in children who are trained later.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have documented that some factors are related to the TT period. [7][8][9][10][11] The aim of this study was to determine the initiation and completion time for TT and the factors that affect this process in a sample of Turkish children.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Factors that Affect Age of Initiation and Completion of Toilet Training

Örün¹,

Pekküçüksen²,

Kanburoğlu³

2017

Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr

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oilet training (TT) is the process of teaching a young child to control the bowel and bladder and use the bathroom for urination and defecation independently. It is a developmental milestone in childhood, a complex process that can be affected by anatomic, physiological, behavioral, and relations between the caregiver and the child.1 Infant voiding is The children who couldn't completed TT and had developmental retardation or genitourinary and gastrointestinal system anomalies were excluded. R Re es su ul lt ts s: : A total of 418 children were taken to the study. Mean the initiation and completion ages were 25.2±5.6 and 27.2±5.8 months, respectively. Mean of TT duration was 56.2±52.5 days. Only 6% of the children were started to the TT at under aged 18 months. Most parents had considered to child's age and readinees for TT. We didn't find any significant association between the age at starting and completion of TT and gender, gestational age, being first born, emplooyed mother, family type, undergoing circumcision, applying reward and punishment during training. Later age of starting and completion TT were associated with higher education level of parents and consulting to an expert during TT. Later age at completion of TT was associated with attending daycare. C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: This study showed that most Turkish families prefer to start on recomended time for the age at initiation of TT and implementing to child-oriented approach in Turkish families.K Ke ey yw wo or rd ds s: : Child care; toilet training Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Çalışmanın amacı 24-60 ay arasındaki bir grup Türk çocuğunda tuvalet eğitimi (TE)'ne başlama ve tamamlama zamanlarını ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemekti. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : Çal-ışma Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Hastanesi Genel Çocuk Polikliniği'nde yapıldı. Otuz beş maddeden oluşan bir anket 24-60 ay arasındaki çocukları olan anne-babaya uygulandı. Tuvalet eğitimini tamamlamamış çocuklar, gelişimsel geriliği, ürogenital ve gastrointestinal anomalisi olan çocuklar çal-ışmaya alınmadı. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Çalışmaya 418 çocuk alındı. Ortalama tuvalet eğitimine (TE) başlama ve tamamlama yaşı sırasıyla 25.2±5.6 ve 27.2±5.8 aydı. Ortalama TE süresi: 56.2±52.5 gündü. Çocukların yalnızca yüzde altısında TE'ne 18 ayın altındayken başlanmıştı. Çoğu anne-baba TE için çocuğun yaşını ve hazır bulunuşluğunu dikkate almıştı. TE'ne başlama ve tamamlama yaşı ile cinsiyet, doğum yaşı, ilk çocuk olmak, annenin çalışma durumu, aile tipi, sünnet olma, eğitim sırasında ödül ve ceza yöntemi kullanma arasında ilişki saptanmadı. TE'ne daha geç başlama ve tamamlama ile anne-baba eğitiminin yüksek olması ve TE sırasında bir uzmandan danışmanlık alma arasında ilişki vardı. TE'nin geç tamamlanması kreşe gitme ile ilişkili bulundu. S So on nu uç ç: : Çalışma çoğu Türk ailesinin TE'ne tavsiye edilen zamanda başladığını ve çocuk odaklı yaklaşıma eğilimli olduğunu gösterdi.A An na ah ht ta ar r K Ke el li im me el le er r: : Çocuk bakımı; tuvalet eğitimi

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors that Affect Age of Initiation and Completion of Toilet Training

Örün¹,

Pekküçüksen²,

Kanburoğlu³

2017

Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr

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“…According to the Brazilian Consumer Defense Association (PROTESTE -Associação Brasileira de Defesa do Consumidor), one child uses an average of 4800 disposable diapers by 30 months of age (27) , It is therefore very possible that the cost of disposable diapers plays a determinant role in starting training for bowel control. Horn et al (28) associated family income with starting TTBC, because parents with higher incomes reported that toilet training should start at 2 years of age, compared with 18 months for parents with lower incomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treinamento esfincteriano anal: estudo transversal em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade

Miranda

Machado

2011

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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Objective: To assess the practice of children's toilet training through interviews with parents and caretakers.Methods: A cross-sectional study of healthy children using a questionnaire applied to parents or caretakers of 100 consecutive children aged 3 to 6 years old.Results: 97% of the children were home-trained by their mothers and 92% of them used their intuition, previous experience with an older child and grandmothers' experience. Bowel and bladder toilet training started simultaneously in 84% of the cases, whereas 41% of the children mastered stool control earlier. Mothers with lower educational level and of social classes C, D and E initiated the training earlier and one of the related reasons was the cost of disposable diapers. Age in initiation or duration of toilet training was similar for boys and girls. Children presented most of the "readiness symptoms" for toilet training and only a small number of them used a seat reducer or a foot support. There was no increase in constipation prevalence after toilet training and there was no encopresis.Conclusions: Mothers were responsible for bowel toilet training and initiated it with no specialized help. In C-D-E social classes, the cost of diapers was determinant to initiate bowel toilet training.Key-words: toilet training; child development; child, preschool. RESUMOObjetivo: Avaliar o treinamento do controle esfincteriano anal em crianças, por meio de entrevista aplicada aos pais ou cuidadores.Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal em crianças sadias, aplicando-se um questionário estruturado para 100 responsáveis por crianças entre três e seis anos de idade.Resultados: 97% das crianças foram treinadas em casa pelas mães e 92% delas utilizaram a intuição, a experiência com o filho anterior e o aprendizado com as avós. O treinamento do controle esfincteriano anal e vesical foi iniciado simultaneamente em 84% dos casos, sendo o controle anal adquirido primeiramente em 41% das crianças. As mães com escolaridade menor e das classes C-D-E iniciaram o treinamento mais precocemente, sendo um dos fatores relatados o custo das fraldas. Não houve diferença entre meninos e meninas para idade de início e duração do treinamento. As crianças apresentavam a maioria dos "sinais de prontidão" para o início do treinamento e, das crianças que foram treinadas no vaso sanitário, uma pequena parcela utilizou redutor e apoio para os pés. Não houve aumento significativo de constipação intestinal após o treinamento e não foram observados casos de encoprese.Conclusões: As mães foram as responsáveis pelo treinamento esfincteriano anal e o iniciaram sem auxílio especializado. Nas classes sociais C-D-E, o custo das fraldas foi determinante para o início do treinamento esfincteriano anal.Palavras-chave: treinamento no uso de toalete; desenvolvimento infantil; pré-escolar. José Eduardo G. B. de Miranda et al RESUMENObjetivo: Evaluar el entrenamiento del control del esfín-ter anal en niños, mediante entrevista aplicada a los padres o cuidadores.Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal...

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“…6 The social context and aspects of the culture in which the child lives contribute to the way they are cared for, both by family members and daycare staff and by health professionals. 10,42 Poorer mothers who have spent less time in education start training earlier, 43 as do younger mothers, 18 basing the decision purely on the age of the child, without giving importance to their development. Knowledge on the subject is greater among mothers in more favorable economic situations.…”

Section: Factors That Can Affect Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treinamento esfincteriano: métodos, expectativas dos pais e morbidades associadas

Mota¹,

Barros²

2008

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: To review both the scientific literature and lay literature on toilet training, covering parents' expectations, the methods available for achieving bladder and bowel control and associated morbidities. Summary of the findings:Parents have unrealistic expectations about the age at which diapers can be withdrawn, not taking child development into account. Toilet training strategies have not changed over recent decades, and in the majority of countries the age at which children are trained has been postponed. Training methods are rarely used.Starting toilet training prematurely and stressful events during this period can extend the training process. Children who have not been trained correctly present with enuresis, urinary infection, voiding dysfunction, constipation, encopresis and refusal to go to the toilet more frequently. Literature intended for lay parents is both abundant and adequate, available in book form and on the Internet, but it is not widely available to the Brazilian population. Just three international pediatrics societies have published guidelines on toilet training. Conclusions:Toilet training is occurring later in the majority of countries. The training methods that exist are the same from decades ago and are rarely used by mothers and valued little by pediatricians; incorrect training can be a causative factor for bladder and bowel disorders, which in turn cause problems for children and their families.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(1):9-17: Toilet training, enuresis, child, urinary tract infection, elimination disorders.

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Beliefs about the appropriate age for initiating toilet training: Are there racial and socioeconomic differences?

Cited by 56 publications

References 17 publications

Factors that Affect Age of Initiation and Completion of Toilet Training

Factors that Affect Age of Initiation and Completion of Toilet Training

Treinamento esfincteriano anal: estudo transversal em crianças de 3 a 6 anos de idade

Treinamento esfincteriano: métodos, expectativas dos pais e morbidades associadas

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