Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power

Carney, Dana R.; Hall, Judith A.; LeBeau, Lavonia Smith

doi:10.1007/s10919-005-2743-z

Cited by 204 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, in this work, we are more interested in how gaze is used to display relational attitudes and affective states, specifically dominance/ submissiveness, arousal/relaxation, and pleasure/displeasure. Dominance is a signal sent through gaze [7], head movement [18], and posture [5]. For example, displaying increased gaze while speaking, a raised head, and upright posture all signal dominance, while the opposite behaviors signal submission.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the basis of these guidelines, we use the findings that coders will rate an individual with upright head and posture as more dominant than one slouching forwards [5], [18], as well as results showing that velocity is clearly identified with arousal (for example in gesture [19]). Our interest is in arousal and dominance as signals, and thus the focus here is on those physical properties that are reliably decoded by observers, as opposed to how dominance and arousal are actually encoded in behavior, which is a more complex relationship [7].…”

Section: Data Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emotionally Expressive Head and Body Movement During Gaze Shifts

Lance

Marsella

Intelligent Virtual Agents

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Abstract. The current state of the art virtual characters fall far short of characters produced by skilled animators. One reason for this is that the physical behaviors of virtual characters do not express the emotions and attitudes of the character adequately. A key deficiency possessed by virtual characters is that their gaze behavior is not emotionally expressive. This paper describes work on expressing emotion through head movement and body posture during gaze shifts, with intent to integrate a model of emotionally expressive eye movement into this work in the future. The paper further describes an evaluation showing that users can recognize the emotional states generated by the model.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotionally Expressive Head and Body Movement During Gaze Shifts

Lance

Marsella

Intelligent Virtual Agents

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“…With respect to dominance, several works [1,13,25,27,37,42] point out the correlation between a direct (averted) gaze and high (low) dominance in humans. The proposed dominance-gaze map captures this information.…”

Section: From Pad To Motion Features: F Jv Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting the Robot Kinematic Redundancy for Emotion Conveyance to Humans as a Lower Priority Task

Claret

Venture

Basañez

2017

Int J of Soc Robotics

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Current approaches do not allow robots to execute a task and simultaneously convey emotions to users using their body motions. This paper explores the capabilities of the Jacobian null space of a humanoid robot to convey emotions. A task priority formulation has been implemented in a Pepper robot which allows the specification of a primary task (waving gesture, transportation of an object, etc.) and exploits the kinematic redundancy of the robot to convey emotions to humans as a lower priority task. The emotions, defined by Mehrabian as points in the Pleasure -Arousal -Dominance space, generate intermediate motion features (jerkiness, activity and gaze) that carry the emotional information. A map from this features to the joints of the robot is presented. A user study has been conducted in which emotional motions have been shown to 30 participants. The results show that happiness and sadness are very well conveyed to the user, calm is moderately well conveyed, and fear is not well conveyed. An analysis on the dependencies between the motion features and the emotions perceived by This work has been partially supported by the Spanish MINECO projects DPI2011-22471, DPI2013-40882-P and DPI2014-57757-R, the Spanish predoctoral grant BES-2012-054899, and the Japanese challenging exploratory research grant 15K12124. The authors would like to thank the members of the GVLab for their invaluable support with the translations and attending the local participants during the user study.Josep-Arnau Claret Institute of Industrial and Control Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), BarcelonaTECH, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: josep.arnau.claret@upc.edu Gentiane Venture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan E-mail: venture@cc.tuat.ac.jp Luis Basañez Institute of Industrial and Control Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), BarcelonaTECH, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain E-mail: luis.basanez@upc.edu the participants shows that activity correlates positively with arousal, jerkiness is not perceived by the user, and gaze conveys dominance when activity is low. The results indicate a strong influence of the most energetic motions of the emotional task and point out new directions for further research. Overall, the results show that the null space approach can be regarded as a promising mean to convey emotions as a lower priority task.

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“…High-power individuals maintain less interpersonal distance from others and are faster to approach objects than low-power individuals (Hall, Coats, & Smith LeBeau, 2005;Smith & Bargh, 2008). The powerful are also expected to approach more: to stand or sit closer to others, to initiate touch more often, and generally to be more invasive of other's space (Carney, Hall, & Smith LeBeau, 2005;Hall et al, 2005). Since high-power individuals have the basic tendency to engage in behaviors that bring objects in the environment closer, the perception of power may be enhanced by performing those same behaviors.…”

Section: Moving Closer To Reach the Top: Approach Behavior Increases mentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving Closer to Reach the Top: Approach Behavior Increases One's Sense of Power

Smith

McCulloch²,

Schouwstra³

2013

Social Cognition

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Power holders exhibit more approach behavior than those without power and are even expected by others to do so. We proposed that this strong association between power and approach should make approach behavior a useful cue for perceiving one's level of power: If I am approaching things, I must be powerful. Across three experiments, engaging in approach behavior led individuals to feel explicitly (Exp. 1) and implicitly (Exp. 2) more powerful and to feel better suited for high-power jobs (Exp. 3), without affecting conscious affective experiences.Furthermore, the effect was not dependent on specific physical movements; the same movement was psychologically framed as either approach or avoidance and affected participants' sense of power accordingly (Exp. 1 & 3). Since power itself leads to approach behavior, these results suggest a way power hierarchies may be unintentionally perpetuated or strengthened. In other words, approach behavior is clearly part of the mental representation of power.Previous research convincingly demonstrates that activating the concept of power activates approach behavior. Therefore, our main question is whether activating approach behavior also activates the concept of power. This advances the study of power because as with any mental representation, investigating bidirectionality is a basic way to study process. For example, in the goal literature, goals are mentally represented as a hierarchical structure containing motives, goals, plans, means, and behaviors. Not only do means prime goals, but goals also prime means (Shah & Kruglanski, 2003). Such a bidirectional relationship is functional. For instance, if you forget a particular means to a goal, highlighting that goal helps you remember other associated means (McCulloch, Aarts, Fujita, & Bargh, 2008). More relevant to the present research, Smith, Wigboldus, and Dijksterhuis (2008) found that the relationship between power and abstract thought is bidirectional: having power leads to more abstract thought (Smith & Trope, 2006), and inducing people to think abstractly makes them feel more powerful. Moving Closer to ReachOne cannot assume bidirectionality of relationships. For example, according to a metaphor-enriched perspective on cognition (Landau, Meier, & Keefer, 2010), people use knowledge about concrete attributes of objects and relations to interpret and evaluate more abstract concepts, but the reverse does not occur. Thus, information about spatial relations influences how people construe temporal relations, but activating information about temporal

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Beliefs about the nonverbal expression of social power

Cited by 204 publications

References 36 publications

Emotionally Expressive Head and Body Movement During Gaze Shifts

Emotionally Expressive Head and Body Movement During Gaze Shifts

Exploiting the Robot Kinematic Redundancy for Emotion Conveyance to Humans as a Lower Priority Task

Moving Closer to Reach the Top: Approach Behavior Increases One's Sense of Power

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