This paper first determines the emotional, melodic, and structural characteristics through non-negative matrix decomposition and graph network theory to enhance students’ cognition and understanding of traditional music culture and to pass on and carry forward traditional music culture. Utilizing the RBF algorithm to integrate the elements of traditional music culture characteristics into efficient music teaching, forming a one-piece interactive teaching method. Utilizing the large database module for teaching and deep learning of learners can create a good college vocal music teaching loop. The student interest rate in traditional instrumental music teaching classes under the proposed method is increased to 98.98%, providing a solid foundation for integrating college vocal music teaching and traditional music culture.