“…For example, Argyris (1977) applies benchmarking to double loop organizational learning and McAdam and McCreedy (1999) to knowledge management initiatives. Furthermore, benchmarking is explicitly referred to in the more tactical areas of total quality management (Franceschini et al, 2006), supply chain management (Deming, 1982;Zairi and Baidoun, 2003), balanced scorecards (Kaplan and Norton, 1992), Six Sigma (Xerox, 1979), innovation (Radnor and Robinson, 2000), performance measurement (Carpinetti and de Melo, 2002;Anderson and McAdam, 2004;Dawkins et al, 2007;Alstete, 2008), and business excellence models (EFQM, 2003;NIST, 2007). These applications refine the definition of benchmarking.…”