The information age and the global economy have brought new challenges and opportunities to organizations in all sectors. The changes have forced organizational theorists and practitioners to question what constitutes ideal organizing and organization. Innovative and expansive thinking is required today, more so than at any previous time. Managers, employees, vendors, and consumers bring new expectations to the work environment-expectations that span sectors and geographic boundaries. Technological advances that permit at-home banking, for example, have created new expectations and opportunities for at-home shopping, at-home travel planning, and at-home auction bidding. Similarly, increased attention to customer friendliness in the entertainment, retailing, or hotel industry creates new expectations in health care and education. The scientific organization that Taylor (1911) idealized simply does not apply in the organizational milieu of the twenty-first century, as organizational managers-as well as employees-find themselves forced to regularly rethink their roles, expectations, behaviors, and even the nature of their industry. Contemporary organizational leaders no longer can rely on traditional business practices: they must now engage in cross-organizational and cross-sector learning in order to survive and prosper. Opportunities-even necessities-for dramatic change have permeated all sectors. Even institutions of higher education-"ivory towers" so named for their tradition of independence-have begun to engage in new levels of organizational self-examination and have adopted effective practices from other institutions and other sectors.Benchmarking in higher education is the foreground of this chapter, but we also examine theoretical issues concerning models of best business