Activity Theory is used in this paper to demonstrate the
process of critical analysis of qualitative data from two case
studies. The paper explains the elements of an activity system (the
subject, object, outcome, mediating tools, rules, community and
division of labour). Thereafter, practical examples from the work of
two recent PhD students are used to show the importance of
identifying and analysing activities that are found either in the
introduction or the current use of information systems in business
organisations. These examples highlight the applicability of
Activity Theory in analysing data from projects of interest to
Business Management whose topics and contexts are very different.
The first focusses on the introduction of an Accounting Information
System to microbusinesses in a low‑income community in South Africa
and the second focusses on Information Security Management in Mobile
Network Organisations in Uganda. The examples illustrate the value
of Activity Theory as a lens and as a way of stimulating critical
analysis. Activity Theory is known for its ability to identify
reasons for failure or disappointing performance in existing
situations by highlighting contradictions either between different
activities, between an earlier version of an activity and a later
version as the activity evolves, or within an activity (between the
elements of that activity). However, as shown in the first example,
it can also be seen as a useful tool when proposing a new project as
a predictor of success. Despite the fact that data is typically
qualitative, the analytical process related to Activity Theory can
be structured, which assists novice researchers or those
unaccustomed to interpretivist analysis to uncover insights that are
not immediately obvious. Activity Theory is said to act as a lens in
data analysis and is particularly useful in organisational sciences
for the theorization of technology‑mediated organizational
change.