Benchmarking Stiffness of Current Sprint Spikes and Concept Selective Laser Sintered Nylon Outsoles

Toon, Daniel; Kamperman, Nico; Ajoku, Uzoma; Hopkinson, Neil; Caine, Mike

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-45951-6_74

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…To account for the behaviour of the athlete's sprinting spikes and the passive structures surrounding the MTP DOFs we included a simple linear rotational spring. The stiffness of the rotational spring was set to 65 Nm/rad by combining the rotational stiffness of sprinting spikes/ sports shoes (Oh & Park, 2017;Toon et al, 2006) with the rotational stiffness used previously for representing the passive structures surrounding the MTP DOFs (Sasaki, Neptune & Kautz, 2009). Polynomials were used to describe the lengths, velocities and moment arms of the MTUs as functions of the model's generalised coordinates and velocities (Falisse et al, 2019a).…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach

Haralabidis

Serrancolí

Colyer

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Biomechanical simulation and modelling approaches have the possibility to make a meaningful impact within applied sports settings, such as sprinting. However, for this to be realised, such approaches must first undergo a thorough quantitative evaluation against experimental data. We developed a musculoskeletal modelling and simulation framework for sprinting, with the objective to evaluate its ability to reproduce experimental kinematics and kinetics data for different sprinting phases. This was achieved by performing a series of data-tracking calibration (individual and simultaneous) and validation simulations, that also featured the generation of dynamically consistent simulated outputs and the determination of foot-ground contact model parameters. The simulated values from the calibration simulations were found to be in close agreement with the corresponding experimental data, particularly for the kinematics (average root mean squared differences (RMSDs) less than 1.0° and 0.2 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) and ground reaction force (highest average percentage RMSD of 8.1%). Minimal differences in tracking performance were observed when concurrently determining the foot-ground contact model parameters from each of the individual or simultaneous calibration simulations. The validation simulation yielded results that were comparable (RMSDs less than 1.0° and 0.3 cm for the rotational and translational kinematics, respectively) to those obtained from the calibration simulations. This study demonstrated the suitability of the proposed framework for performing future predictive simulations of sprinting, and gives confidence in its use to assess the cause-effect relationships of technique modification in relation to performance. Furthermore, this is the first study to provide dynamically consistent three-dimensional muscle-driven simulations of sprinting across different phases.

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Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach

Haralabidis

Serrancolí

Colyer

et al. 2021

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the study did not account for the potential influence of the individual athlete's footwear. Toon et al [6] determined that considerable disparity in longitudinal bending stiffness, approximately 20 per cent, exists between sprint spikes targeted at elite athletes. Because of factors such as athlete preference and mechanical fatigue, however, the actual levels of elite sprint spike longitudinal bending stiffness can vary over a considerably larger range.…”

Section: They Would Experience Smaller Peak Extensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shod condition involved athletes wearing an Adidas Demolisher 2005 sprint spike. This shoe was selected because it had the highest bending stiffness coefficient (0.40 N m/deg À1 ) of a selection of 11 currently available sprint spikes [6].…”

Section: Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of barefoot and sprint spike conditions in sprinting

Toon

Williams

Hopkinson

et al. 2009

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P:

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The primary kinematic factors relating to sprinting performance may be influenced by the mechanical properties of the footwear worn. It was hypothesized that, compared with the barefoot condition, sprint spikes would influence sole angle to the ground, and metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) extension and flexion. High-speed video recording was used to analyse key kinematic variables of the foot segments and the MPJ in barefoot and shod running conditions. The stance phases of four sprinters (two male) were captured in the blocks, at 10 m and at 50 m into a maximal effort sprint. Angular range and angular velocity during MPJ flexion at 10 m and 50 m were reduced significantly when wearing sprint spikes. The mean angular range at 10 m was reduced by 11°, 13°, and 5° for the initial flexion phase, the extension phase, and the final phase of flexion respectively. This effect was larger during ground contact at 10 m versus 50 m. Sole angle to the ground at take-off was lower in the sprint spike shod condition than in the barefoot condition. Performance-related parameters such as degree of MPJ extension, MPJ extension velocity, and sole angle to the ground are influenced by sprint spikes when compared with the barefoot condition.

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Simulations reveal how touchdown kinematic variables affect top sprinting speed: implications for coaching

Haralabidis,

Eaton,

Delp

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Sprint performance is a priority for coaches and athletes. Several kinematic variables, including horizontal touchdown distance (HTD) and inter-knee touchdown distance (IKTD), are targeted by coaches to increase top sprinting speed. However, the results of past research are conflicting, potentially due to the use of experimental inter-athlete study designs where it is not possible to establish cause-effect relationships. In this study, we used a predictive simulation approach to assess cause-effect relationships between HTD and IKTD and sprinting speed. We scaled a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model to match the anthropometry of an international caliber male sprinter, and generated predictive simulations of a single symmetric step of top-speed sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control framework. We first used our simulation framework to establish the model's top speed with minimal constraints on touchdown kinematics (the optimal simulation). Then, in additional simulations we enforced specific HTD or IKTD values (± 2, 4 and 6 cm compared to optimal). The model achieved a top speed of 11.85 m/s in the optimal simulation. Shortening HTD by 6 cm reduced speed by 7.3%, while lengthening HTD by 6 cm had a smaller impact on speed, with a 1.6% reduction. Speed in the simulation was insensitive to the IKTD changes we tested. The results of our simulations indicate there is an optimal HTD to maximize sprinting speed, providing support for coaches and athletes to adjust this technique variable. Conversely, our results do not provide evidence to support utilizing IKTD as a key technique variable for speed enhancement. We share the simulation framework so researchers can explore the effects of additional modifications on sprinting performance (https://github.com/nicos1993/Pred_Sim_Sprinting).

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Benchmarking Stiffness of Current Sprint Spikes and Concept Selective Laser Sintered Nylon Outsoles

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach

Three-dimensional data-tracking simulations of sprinting using a direct collocation optimal control approach

A comparison of barefoot and sprint spike conditions in sprinting

Simulations reveal how touchdown kinematic variables affect top sprinting speed: implications for coaching

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