“…Externally defined performance indicators can skew in-house priorities, stifling local identity and resulting in an abstract fixation on outside procedural norms: ''At its worst, instead of being a force for change, benchmarking can put a stop to serious analysis of problems and/or experimentation with [locally-defined] innovative solutions'' (Sisson et al, 2003: 23). It can also result in an anxious feeling of ''keeping up with the Joneses'' (Valcik et al, 2012), even when high-level benchmarking may not be feasible or appropriate for a local water operator. In some cases, benchmarking can cause a situation where water operators are measuring for measuring's sake, with benchmarking becoming an end, rather than a means, to improved water services (Pidd, 2012).…”