Bending Stress in Plant Stems: Models and Assumptions

Stubbs, Christopher J.; Baban, Navajit S.; Robertson, Daniel J.; Al-Zube, Loay; Cook, Douglas D.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-79099-2_3

Cited by 29 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This conclusion in consistent with other studies in the literature, though most studies indirectly address the difference in sensitivity between these parameter categories. (Schulgasser and Witztum, 1992; Wegst and Ashby, 2007; Stubbs et al , 2018; (Maranville and Clegg; Von Forell et al , 2015; Robertson et al , 2016, 2017; Stubbs et al , 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, computational expense was minimized by modeling only the stalk section in the vicinity of the failure region. The length of the finite element continuum model was 100 mm, which adequately captured the buckling failure modes while also minimizing Saint-Venant effects (Sandorff, 1980; Stubbs et al , 2018). Shear and bending loads were applied to the end faces of each finite element model.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

Larson²,

Dd³

2019

Preprint

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This study utilized physical and in silico experiments to confirm that geometric parameters are far 30 more influential in determining stalk strength than mechanical tissue stiffnesses. Abstract 32The maize (Zea mays) stem is a biological structure that must both balance biotic and structural 33 load bearing duties. These competing requirements are particularly relevant in the design of new 34 bioenergy crops. With the right balance between structural and biological activities, it may be 35 possible to design crops that are high-yielding and have digestible biomass. But increased stem 36 digestibility is typically associated with a lower structural strength and higher propensity for 37 lodging. This study investigates the hypothesis that geometric factors are much more influential in 38 determining structural strength than tissue properties. To study these influences, both physical and 39 in silico experiments were used. First, maize stems were tested in three-point bending. Specimen-40 specific finite element models were created based on x-ray computed tomography scans. Models 41 were validated by comparison with in vitro data. As hypothesized, geometry was found to have a 42 much stronger influence on structural stability than material properties. This information 43 reinforces the notion that deficiencies in tissue strength could be offset by manipulation of stalk 44 morphology, thus allowing the creation of stalks with are both resilient and digestible. 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

Larson²,

Dd³

2019

Preprint

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“…Agreement between the finite element models and closed form solutions is strong at small displacements. At large displacements (greater than ∼45° at the tip), geometric nonlinearities that are not captured by the closed form engineering beam equations become more influential [4]. That is to say that the closed form solution is accurate so long as the linear closed form engineering beam equations are accurate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…plant weight) on stalk bending strength has not been reported. Previous biomechanical plant stem models have examined the influence of morphology, material, and weight on stem failure, while others have separately analyzed the effects of externally induced bending forces (e.g., wind) on stem failure [3,4,8–15]. However, the effects of self-weight and external loads on stem failure are inextricably connected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Self-Loading on the Mechano-Stability and Stalk Lodging Resistance of Plant Stems

Stubbs

Oduntan

Keep

et al. 2020

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18Background: Stalk lodging (breaking of agricultural plant stalks prior to harvest) is a multi-19 billion dollar a year problem. Stalk lodging occurs when bending moments induced by a 20 combination of external loading (e.g. wind) and self-loading (e.g. the plant's own weight) exceed 21 the bending strength of plant stems. Previous biomechanical plant stem models have 22 investigated both external loading and self-loading of plants, but have evaluated them as separate 23 and independent phenomena. However, these two types of loading are highly interconnected and 24 mutually dependent. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to investigate the combined effect 25 of external loads and plant weight on the displacement and stress state of plant stems / stalks, and 26(2) to provide a generalized framework for accounting for self-weight during mechanical 27 phenotyping experiments used to predict stalk lodging resistance. 28 Results: A method of properly accounting for the interconnected relationship between self-loading 29 and external loading of plants stems is presented. The interconnected set of equations are used to 30 produce user-friendly applications by presenting (1) simplified self-loading correction factors for 31 a number of common external loading configurations of plants, and (2) a generalized Microsoft 32 Excel framework that calculates the influence of self-loading on crop stems. The effect of self-33 loading on the structural integrity of wheat is examined in detail. A survey of several other plants 34 is conducted and the influence of self-loading on their structural integrity is also presented. 35 Conclusions: The self-loading of plants plays a potentially critical role on the structural integrity 36 of plant stems. Equations and tools provided herein enable researchers to account for the plant's 37 weight when investigating the flexural rigidity and bending strength of plant stems. 38 39 40 42 estimated to range from 5-20% annually [1,2]. Despite a growing body of literature surrounding 43 the topic of stalk lodging in wheat, barley, oats, and maize [3-7], a detailed study on the 44 interconnected relationship between external loading (e.g. wind) and self-loading (e.g. plant 45 weight) on stalk bending strength has not been reported. Previous biomechanical plant stem 46 models have examined the influence of morphology, material, and weight on stem failure, while 47 others have separately analyzed the effects of externally induced bending forces (e.g., wind) on 48 stem failure [3,4,8-15]. However, the effects of self-weight and external loads on stem failure are 49 inextricably connected. The bending moment induced from self-weight is a function of the 50 distance between the plant's base and its center of gravity. As external loads displace the center of 51 gravity away from the base of the stem, the bending moment induced from self-weight 52 increases. Although previous studies have independently looked at external loads [4,5,16] and 53 self-weight loading [3], the authors are not aware of previ...

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Quantitative trait loci for stem strength properties and lodging in two pea biparental mapping populations

et al. 2021

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Lodging is the major factor that determines whether pea (Pisum sativum L.) can be mechanically harvested. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between stem mechanical parameters (diameter, stem wall thickness, stiffness [rigidity], and maximum self-weight moment [stem strength]) and lodging in pea.Three years of data on stem mechanical parameters and 2 yr of data on lodging resistance were collected on the 'Carneval' × 'MP1401' pea cultivars and Wt10245 × Wt11238 lines. Mechanical parameters were measured separately for three stem sections: lower, middle, and upper. Nine quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with stem mechanical parameters were identified in the Carneval × MP1401 genetic map. Eight QTL associated with stem mechanical parameters were identified in the Wt10245 × Wt11238 genetic map. These results confirmed QTL for lodging resistance found previously, especially in regards to located in chr5LG3 close to the A004 marker. Quantitative trait loci for stem diameter and stem strength of the upper and lower stem colocated with the Rfs marker in chr5LG3. A plant height QTL was detected close to AB141 marker, 2 cM (3.3 Mbp) from the Le gene. These results enable identification of pea genomic regions associated with agriculturally important traits and provide a foundation for further research to improve lodging resistance in pea.

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Bending Stress in Plant Stems: Models and Assumptions

Cited by 29 publications

References 34 publications

Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

Maize Stem Buckling Failure is Dominated by Morphological Factors

The Effect of Self-Loading on the Mechano-Stability and Stalk Lodging Resistance of Plant Stems

Quantitative trait loci for stem strength properties and lodging in two pea biparental mapping populations

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