Beneath the appearance of state-led gentrification: The case of the Kwun Tong Town Centre redevelopment in Hong Kong

Gentrification in the Command Economy: A Story of Pyongyang Metropolitan Area in North Korea

“…Although the landlords were not states, they formed a post-communist growth machine to weaken the state's initiative. the Through-Town Centre (KTTC) project (Tsang and Hsu, 2022). Despite being a state-led gentrification, the project was a community-backed, community-backed process to correct environmental degradation and building obsolescence in crowded and old urban areas, and its planning reflected social goals and community aspirations.…”

“…The concept of gentrification, first raised by Ruth Glass (1964), has been announced to appear in various cities around the world, but its aspects have often been subject to controversy rather than generalization (Hawkins et al, 2022;Tsang and Hsu, 2022). Nevertheless, the general def-inition of gentrification shared among researchers and the cases of gentrification have common features.…”

“…Gentrification generally refers to changes in residents or operators in neighborhoods by investment in capital, a phenomenon in which wealthy or young professionals replace existing residents or operators in socioeconomic terms (Lopez et al, 2022;Tsang and Hsu, 2022). As Glass (1964) 546•Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol.…”

“…The previous studies related to gentrification were conducted mainly in capitalist cities in the West. However, some studies deal with socialist systems or state-led gentrification, which shows that the power of capital is more influential than the political system or class structure (Valiyev and Wallwork, 2019;Jolivet andAlba-Carmichael, 2021, Tsang andHsu, 2022). Here, we probed the possibility of gentrification in the North Korean system by examining the cases of the socialist system and state-led gen-trification and looking at urban development and urban space restructuring in North Korea.…”